Nasal carriage of MRSA among hospital personnel is a big problem in hospital environment. Accordingly, the main objective of current study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA among Health Care Workers (HCWs) in Yafran hospital. 108 HCWs samples of nasal swabs were collected, and cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar. The isolates were identified as S. aureus based on morphology. Besides, confirmatory tests were performed, including coagulase and catalase test. Finally, cefoxitin disc resistance was used to identify the MRSA strain. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of MRSA was performed according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute .

The results showed that, out of the 108 HCWs, 37 (34%) carried MRSA. MRSA carriage rate was highest among Administration Department workers 30 % compared to other professions, followed by Emergency Department workers 21% , Obstetrics and Gynecology workers 19 %, Radiology, Laboratory and Internal Medicine Department workers was 8% ,5% and 5% respectively. Tetracycline showed the highest rate of resistance among MRSA isolates 27%, followed by Vancomycin 22%. While the Ciprofloxacin showed less resistance 11%. In conclusions, the high rate of nasal MRSA carriage among healthcare workers found in this study is alarming and highlights the need for adjusted infection control measures to prevent MRSA transmission from HCWs to the vulnerable patient .

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common infections that happen by many types of bacteria. Some of bacteria have resistance against several types of antibiotics. Many medicinal plants used as an alternative treatment around the world. Marrubium vulgare L has been reported to exhibit several biological properties. Thus, the aim of current study is estimating antimicrobial activities of M. vulgare against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, which caused urinary tract infections, isolated from infected patients. In the results, the growth of all tested bacteria was inhibited strongly by methanol extract at 1.0% (w/v) with inhibition zones 11.00, 11.00 and 15.50 mm against E. coli, k. pneumoniae and S. aureus respectively. Besides, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were ranged between 0.625 to 1.25 mg/mL. While, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values were ranging between 1.25 to 2.5 mg/mL. On the other hand, hexane extract also was inhibited the growth of E. coli, k. pneumoniae and S. aureus with inhibition zones 10.00, 11.00 and 12.50 mm respectively. In addition, MIC values ranging 2.5 mg/mL, while MBC values of 5 mg/mL against all bacteria.  In conclusion, the methanol extract of M. vulgare had a strongly effects on all bacteria compared to hexane extract, thus it can be developed as anti-bacterial agent.

The problem of microbial resistance continues to increase in all regions of the world, and even though a very large number of antibiotics have been produced in the last 30 years, microbial resistance is maintained because of the wide use of these drugs against many infectious diseases. Thus, natural products are seen as the alternative solution. Based on previous studies, Peganum harmala has been reported to exhibit several biological properties including antibacterial and antifungal. Thus, the main aim of this study is evaluating antibacterial activities of P. harmala against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, which isolated from infected patients in (Alassaba'a hospital, Alassaba'a, west of Tripoli). Agar disk diffusion technique was used for detecting the antibacterial activity, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was tested by serial dilution methods. The results showed that the growth of all tested bacteria were inhibited strongly by methanol extract of seeds at 1.0% with inhibition zones 14.66, 12.00 and 15.33mm against E. coli, k. pneumoniae and S. aureus respectively. Besides, MIC values ranged between 0.625 to 1.25 mg/mL. While, MBC values ranging between 1.25 to 5 mg/mL. On the other hand, methanol extract of leaves was also inhibit the growth of E. coli, k. pneumoniae and S. aureus with inhibition zones 11.00, 9.66 and 10.00mm respectively. As well as, MIC values ranging between 1.25 to 2.5 mg/mL, while MBCs value ranging between 2.5 to 5 mg/mL . In conclusion, methanol extract of P. harmala seeds exhibited strongly antimicrobial activity against E. coli, k. pneumoniae and S. aureus, thus it can be developed as anti-bacterial agent.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the variations in the phytochemical compositions and the antimicrobial activities of Syzygium grande and Oenanthe javanica leaf extracts against Bacillus sp. The antibacterial activity of the methanol, 70% methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of both plant species were examined in vitro, against various Bacillus species. In addition, the 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics was employed to gain insights into the correlations between the chemical constituents of the bioactive extract to the biological activity. The hexane extract of S. grande leaves and methanolic extract of O. javanica leaves showed more potent anti Bacillus activity, among the test extracts. Principal component analysis (PCA) successfully differentiated the extracts on the basis of their metabolite profiles. The results of the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis showed that the non-polar compounds of the hexane extract of S. grande (alanine, betulin, β-sitosterol, β-caryophyllene, acetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid) were strongly correlated to its anti-Bacillus activity. On the other hand, choline, ellagic acid, and gallic acid, the metabolites present in the methanolic extract of O. javanica, were strongly correlated to its anti-Bacillus activity. On this basis, it was therefore concluded that these conmpounds could be the potential bioactive constituents, contributing to the anti-Bacillus activity of the individual plant species. Further in-depth investigations into the potential utilization of the two plants for useful applications in managing and control of Bacillus sp., will help pave the way towards their valorization.

Arbutus pavarii Pamp is a medicinal plant commonly used by local tribes in East Libya

for the treatment of many diseases, such as gastritis, renal infections, cancer and kidney diseases.

In this study, the antibacterial activity of the leaf and stem bark extracts of the plant against

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as the metabolite profiles of the bioactive

fractions, was investigated. The antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion method,

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), while the

microbial reduction by the bioactive fraction was evaluated using time–kill test. The bioactive

fraction was further subjected to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

(UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis to putatively identify the chemical constituents contained therein.

All the extracts and fractions showed different levels of antibacterial activity on the tested MRSA

strains. The highest total antibacterial activity, i.e., 4007.6 mL/g, was exhibited by the crude leaf

methanolic extract. However, the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf showed moderate to significant

antibacterial activity against MRSA at low MIC (0.08–1.25 mg/mL). Metabolite profiling of this fraction

using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS resulted in the putative identification of 28 compounds, which included

phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols and flavonols. The results of this study showed that the ethyl acetate

fraction of Arbutus pavarii leaf possessed potential antibacterial activity against MRSA and hence can

be further explored for pharmaceutical applications as a natural antibacterial agent.