Introduction to Zoology - The old and modern classification system of animals - The animal cell - Study of cell organelles: plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum - Continuation of organelles: Golgi bodies, mitochondria, ribosomes - Continuation of organelles: cell wall, plastids Cell division - Animal tissues: structure, types, and function - Continuation of animal tissues Reproduction in animals, stages of gamete formation, reproductive hormones Introduction to Genetics

Concept of life sciences, its branches, and characteristics of life - Cell size, shape, and its prokaryotic and eukaryotic divisions - Plant cell and its components - Plant tissues, their types and functions - External form of flowering plants, shoot and root system - Internal structure of flowering plants: root system - Internal structure of flowering plants: stem - Internal structure of flowering plants: leaves and flowers - Water relations in plants and absorption - Water relations in plants: sap ascent and transpiration - Using the microscope - Studying models and slides of plant cells and tissues

Classification of animals and the history of their evolution - Study of the classification of the animal kingdom - Introduction to the division of animal organisms – Phylum Protozoa: their forms, structure, and characteristics, feeding methods, and reproduction - Phylum Coelenterata and their characteristics - Phylum Mollusca and their characteristics - Phylum Annelida and their characteristics - Phylum Nematoda and their characteristics - Phylum Platyhelminthes and their characteristics - Phylum Echinodermata and their characteristics - Phylum Arthropoda and their characteristics - Phylum Chordata and their characteristics

Introduction to Botany 2 - Characteristics of living organisms and the basis of their classification - Viruses: definition, shapes, structure, and types - Methods of virus reproduction and the diseases they cause - Kingdom Prokaryotes: Bacteria, shapes, reproduction, nutrition methods, and some examples - Kingdom Protists: shapes, structure, types, reproduction methods, and their importance - Kingdom Lichens: types, structure, and importance - Bryophytes: general characteristics, structure, reproduction methods, and importance - Pteridophytes: general characteristics, structure, reproduction methods, and importance with illustrative example - Seed plants, seed types - Angiosperms

Introduction to Vertebrate Science - General characteristics of chordates and their relation to other sciences - Classification of chordates – Study of the general characteristics of tailed chordates and head chordates Subphylum Vertebrata: General and specific characteristics - Study of the class Agnatha: general characteristics with classification - Study of the class Gnathostomata: general characteristics with classification -- Study of the class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) - Study of the class Osteichthyes (bony fishes) and amphibians - Study of the class Reptilia - Study of the class Aves Study of the class Mammalia

Introduction to Invertebrate Science and the Importance of Studying Invertebrates - Historical Classification of Invertebrates - Problems Faced by Invertebrate Animals in Survival and Ways to Solve These Problems - Important Types of Invertebrate Animals, Their Characteristics, and Classification - Phylum Ctenophora: Features – Comb Plates – Tentacles – Body Wall – Digestive System – Nutrition – Respiration – Excretion and Sensory and Muscular Systems – Reproduction, Important Examples - Phylum Cnidaria: General Characteristics, Digestion, Reproduction, Respiration, Excretion - Nervous System, Classification, Important Examples - Hydra: Body Structure – Epidermis – Mesoglea – Movement – Nutrition – Reproduction – Hydra Colonies Phylum Nematoda: Features – Shape – Function – Classification – Important Nematodes – Ascaris, Hookworms – Shape – Structure – Nutrition – Reproduction

Introduction to microbiology and understanding the concept of microbiology and its types - Types of microscopes and their uses - The difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms - The anatomical structure of bacteria - Bacterial growth curve - Spore formation in some types of bacteria - Gram staining - Capsule staining and spore staining - Sterilization and its types - Disinfection and its types - Thermal range of different types of bacteria - pH and its variation as one of the requirements for bacterial growth

General introduction to cell science - Organic compounds of the cell - The most important chemical elements naturally found in the cell - Study of cell organelles: cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, cell wall, and plastids - Vital functions of the cell - Shape and size of the cell and nucleus structure - Study of genetic structures in the cell --- Differences and distinctions between plant and animal cells

Introduction to Anatomy and the Theory of the Origin of Life - General Features in All Vertebrates - Classification of Vertebrates - Concept of Symmetry - Structure of the Skin and Its Derivatives in All Vertebrates - Comparative Study of the Skin in All Vertebrates - Skeletal System with a Comparative Study of All Vertebrates - Continuing the Skeletal System - Muscular System with a Comparative Study of All Vertebrates - Circulatory System with a Comparative Study of All Vertebrates - Respiratory System with a Comparative Study of All Vertebrates

Introduction to the basics of classification of the animal kingdom - The importance of studying invertebrate science -- A historical study of invertebrate science - Principles of forming animal groups - Major divisions in the animal kingdom - Phylum Annelida – its characteristics – feeding – digestion – circulation – excretion – osmoregulation – nervous system – sense organs – reproduction – movement – some examples of the phylum - Phylum Mollusca: general characteristics – classification – digestion – reproduction – respiration – excretion - Phylum Echinodermata: general features – general structure – digestion – reproduction – classification – major classes with examples - Phylum Arthropoda: general characteristics – classification – circulatory system – excretion – respiration – reproduction – digestion

Nuclear material in bacteria - Plasmids - Genetic exchange in bacteria - Bacterial division - Artificial division of bacteria - Metabolic reactions in bacteria - Types of metabolic enzymes in bacteria - The external morphology of bacteria - Normal bacteria in the body, pathogenicity, and their ability to cause disease

The essential aspects of cell structure and its organelles, the nucleus and chromatin - chromosomes, their types, and observable characteristics - the best methods to obtain chromosomes - cell division - cellular respiration - cell receptors - protein biosynthesis - the processes of transcription and translation and the difference between them - mechanisms of simple binary fission and splitting and the difference between them - the structure of the nucleus in prokaryotes - chromatin material and genetic pigments

The concept of ecology, its origin, development, and scope - The relationship of ecology with other sciences - Components of the ecosystem (living and non-living factors) - Types of ecosystems and their balance - Energy flow in ecosystems and food chains - Environmental productivity, its types, and how to calculate it in ecosystems - Fast element cycles: water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide - Slow element cycles: nitrogen - Sedimentary element cycles: sulfur and phosphorus - Climatic factors and the distribution of living organisms - Weather factors and their impact on the distribution of living organisms - Diversity of biological communities (aquatic and terrestrial environments)

Introduction to parasitology and the importance of studying this science, along with getting to know some scientists who have ventured into this field - adaptations and methods of infection transmission and the hosts that parasites pass through in their life cycles - the relationship between the parasite and the host, the diseases it causes, and how to prevent parasitic diseases - classification of parasites into phyla (Protozoa, worms, and arthropods), then further classification of protozoa by movement into (Amoeboid, Flagellates, Ciliates, Sporozoa) - study of some types of the Amoeboid phylum in terms of their occurrence, characteristics, the diseases they cause, and prevention methods, such as (Entamoeba histolytica, E. coli, E. gingivalis) - study of the general characteristics of the Flagellate phylum and some of the developments that occur in it - study of types within this phylum (Leishmania, Trypanosomes) from all aspects, especially epidemiology, spread, and prevention - getting to know the general traits of the Ciliate phylum - study of types in this phylum (Balantidium coli) including their life cycle, disease symptoms, and prevention - learning the general characteristics of the Sporozoa phylum - study of types in this phylum (Toxoplasmosis, malaria) in terms of transmission and host involvement And the contributing families, and how to protect ourselves from these diseases, their areas of spread to limit them, and their locations.

Introduction to entomology and the characteristics that distinguish insects from arthropods - general structure of the insect body - head positions in insects, typical and modified mouthparts, antennae - thoracic segmentation, thoracic appendages - abdominal segmentation, abdominal appendages - metamorphosis in insects, stages of insect life - internal structure of the insect: digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, muscular system, nervous system, glands, male and female reproductive systems. Colors and pigmentation in insects

Introduction to Immunology - Study of how diseases enter the body and their types - Study of the structure and function of the lymphatic system - Study of the components of blood and their immune functions - Understanding natural immunity - Understanding acquired immunity - Comparison between natural and acquired immunity and their relationship - Study of antibodies and how they work - Study of how the body resists bacteria and viruses - Study of how the body resists parasites, fungi, and tumors - Study of some immune-related diseases such as AIDS - Study of autoimmunity and its effects

Introduction to Genetics and the Study of Mendelian Inheritance - Mendel's First Law - Mendel's Second Law - Test Cross - Backcross - Blood Group Inheritance - Cases of Dominance - Cellular Inheritance - Introduction to Chromosomes - Chromosomal Changes - Probabilities

Introduction to animal ecology and the study of the development of this science from a historical perspective and the scientists who worked in this field - Factors that control the distribution of living organisms, spread, behavior - Follow-up on the factors that control the distribution of living organisms, including biological factors (competition, predation, parasitism, biochemical antagonism) and physical and chemical factors - Study of relationships between living organisms (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) and then the sequence of the levels of the food chain. Introduction to biomes - Study of aquatic biomes in freshwater (rivers, streams, and freshwater lakes) - Study of biomes in saltwater (lakes, seas, oceans) - Study of desert biomes and other biomes (savannas, tundra, deciduous forests, coniferous forests, tropical forests) - Study of animal colors and their relation to other living organisms - Pollution (air and water pollution) and its effect on animals - Civilization advancement and development and its effect on the atmosphere.

Review of what has been previously studied in Part One (Parasites 1, especially the general characteristics of parasites) - General introduction to worms (characteristics, habitat, economic and medical importance) - Classification and division of worms into (Annelids, Nematodes, Flatworms) - Study of annelid worms in terms of their economic importance, habitats, lifestyle, and characteristics - Study of annelid worm classes and the type of medical leech - Introduction to nematode worms and their intestinal and blood types - Study of types of intestinal and blood nematode worms - Introduction to flatworms and their types - Study of types of flatworms (tapeworms, flukes) - Introduction to the phylum Arthropoda - Study of some species of this phylum

Introduction, Theory of Organic Evolution - Study of Darwin's Journey and the Origin of Species - Study of Animal Time and Continental Drift - Study of Vertebrate Fossils - Classification of Chordates - Study of Invertebrate Animals or Protochordates and Their Natural History - Study of Non-Chordate Animals and Their Natural History - Completion of the Natural History of Non-Chordates - Natural Variation Between Environments - Study of the Natural History of Different Environments - Study of the Timeline of Animal Life - Study of the Stratigraphic Record of Some Fossils

Introduction to Taxonomy and Scientific Nomenclature - Individual Differences, Taxonomic Ranks, and Characteristics that Distinguish Insects from Arthropods - General Characteristics of Wingless Insects - Classification of Winged Insects. First: External Wings - Mayfly Order, Thrips Order, Lepidoptera Order - Stick Insects Order, Cockroaches and Mantis Order, Odonata Order - Isoptera Order, Apterygota Order, Booklice Order - Sucking Lice Order, Hemiptera Order, Thysanoptera Order - Orthoptera Order, Coleoptera Order, Chewing Lice Order. Second: Internal Wings, Neuroptera Order - Scorpionflies Order, Lepidoptera Order - Trichoptera Order, Diptera Order, Hymenoptera Order, Coleoptera Order, Strepsiptera Order.

Definition of histology and its relationship with other sciences - Study of the animal cell structure - Mitosis and its stages - Meiosis and its stages - Epithelial tissues and their classification according to structure - Classification of epithelial tissues according to function - Connective tissues and primary connective tissues - Structural connective tissues - Vascular connective tissues - Striated and smooth muscle tissues - Nervous tissues, their structure and classification

A general introduction to molecular biology - Nucleic acids DNA (structure and composition of DNA, the double helix theory of DNA, physical properties) RNA (structure and composition of RNA, its types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, RNA characteristics) - Difference between DNA & RNA - Key features distinguishing DNA in eukaryotes from that in prokaryotes - Organization of nucleotide sequences in eukaryotic DNA - Transcription process - Translation process - Genetic code - Repetitive DNA sequences in eukaryotes - Terminal sequences and autonomously replicating sequences - DNA replication - Gene regulation - Gene mutations

Introduction to embryology, stages of embryological development - types of cell division (reproduction) - reproductive hormones and the sexual cycle - formation of male and female gametes - fertilization (internal, external), and embryonic development in the toad - fertilization and embryonic development in the frog - fertilization and embryonic development in birds - fertilization and embryonic development in humans - formation of the bilaminar and trilaminar germ layers - development of embryonic membranes and placenta and organ formation - derivatives of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

The concept of physiology and the basics of life - the cell, its components, types, and basic functions - cell reproduction methods - structure and functions of blood, its types and blood groups. The process of blood transfusion - lymph and the lymphatic system. -- Components of the circulatory system (structure of the heart and blood vessels) - the nervous system, nerve cells, and types of nerves - peripheral nerves in the body, their types and functions - the autonomic nervous system and its functions, neurotransmitters - structure and functions of the kidney, renal filtration, reabsorption, secretion - the skeletal system, structure of bones, and types of joints - muscles, their types, and the stimulation and excitation affecting muscle contraction and relaxation.

Introduction to Histology - Types of Tissues: Epithelial Tissue - Connective Tissue - Muscle Tissue - Nervous Tissue - Histological Structure of the Components of the Circulatory System - Veins and Arteries - Histological Structure of the Components of the Digestive Tract - Histological Structure of the Components of the Respiratory System - Histological Structure of the Skin - Histological Structure of the Components of the Urinary System - Reproductive System (Testis and Ovary) and Microscopic Examination Techniques - Methods of Tissue Sample Preparation and Cell Separation - Method of Preparing Samples for Microscopic Examination - Main Steps of the General Technique of Sectioning for Preparing a Permanent Sample (Permanent Preparation)

A historical overview of virology - History and field of virology - Development of virology -- General characteristics of viruses - Naming and classification of viruses (virus groups) - Structure of viruses and replication methods - Transmission and spread of viruses in the host - Viral genetic material as the basis for replication in the host - Methods of studying viruses (serological methods, plate and ELISA methods, as well as PCR technique) - Major viral hosts - Examples of some diseases in humans, animals, plants, and those common between humans and animals - Immunity - Antibodies and antigens - The role of viruses in transforming normal cells into cancerous ones, immune system response to viruses, interferon, chemotherapy, vaccination, and immunization

The relationship of medical microbiology with other sciences - the most important chemical tests used in bacterial diagnosis - types of culture media and their preparation methods - the genus Staphylococcus and its most important types - the genus Streptococcus and its most important types - Gram-positive bacilli - Gram-positive and spore-forming bacilli - Gram-negative enteric bacilli - Escherichia coli bacteria - the genera Klebsiella, Salmonella, and Shigella - the genus Neisseria - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - the genus Citrobacter

Functions and components of the urinary system, and the anatomical structure of the kidney - structure and functions of the nephron, renal filtration, reabsorption, secretion - the respiratory system, respiration, and its basic functions - mechanics of breathing and respiratory volumes and capacities - the digestive system, the digestive tract and its accessory organs, and types of digestion - absorption, factors aiding absorption, and excretion - metabolism processes and energy production in the body, and neural control of digestion and the digestive system - introduction to the endocrine system and hormones - their mechanism of action on target cells in the body - structure of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and their relation to vital functions in the body - pancreatic islets and their relation to blood glucose regulation

The theory of preformation and the theory of sequential development and others Determinants of nuclear fate: studies and experiments supporting them Determinants of cytoplasmic fate: studies and experiments supporting them Mosaic development: insights and experiments supporting it Regulated development and embryonic induction and their role in the growth process: studies and experiments Midterm exam Inductive interactions in organ formation and fate determination: studies and experiments Embryonic development in invertebrates and vertebrates: studies and experiments Development of nervous system organs and their fate determination Development of axial skeleton and reproductive system organs The role of sex hormones in reproductive system differentiation A brief overview of stem cells and the role of stem cells in treating diseases

Introduction to Biotechnology - Preparation of Animal and Plant Microscopic Samples - Tissue Culture Technique - Electron Microscope and Methods of Preparing Samples for Microscope Examination - PCR and RT-PCR Technique - Primer Design - DNA Recombination Southern Blotting for DNA Analysis Northern Blotting for RNA Analysis Microarray Method

Introduction to Marine Biology - Theories of the Formation of Seas, Oceans, and Land - Physical and Chemical Properties of Sea and Ocean Waters - Environmental Divisions of Sea and Ocean Waters - Introduction to Marine Organisms (Phytoplankton, Zooplankton) - Continued: Marine Organisms Living on the Ocean Floor (Benthic) - Marine Organisms Living Near the Ocean Floor (Messenger Fish) - Marine Organisms Living Near the Sea Surface (Belgic Fish) - Study of Marine Mammals (Whales, Dolphins) - Study of Coral Reefs - Study of Some Organs in Fish