Abstract— Transport modes are very important to Libyan’s Tripoli residents for their daily trips. However, the total number of own car and private transport namely taxi and micro buses on the road increases and causes many problems such as traffic congestion, accidents, air and noise pollution. These problems then causes other related phenomena to the travel activities such as delay in trips, stress and frustration to motorists which may affect their productivity and efficiency to both workers and students. Delay may also increase travel cost as well inefficiency in trips making if compare to other public transport users in some Arabs cities. Switching to public transport (PT) modes alternatives such as buses, light rail transit and underground train could improve travel time and travel costs. A transport study has been carried out at Tripoli City Authority areas among own car users who live in areas with inadequate of private transport and poor public transportation services. Analyses about relation between factors such as travel time, travel cost, trip purpose and parking cost have been made to answer research questions. Logistic regression technique has been used to analyse these factors that influence users to switch their trips mode to public transport alternatives.

Keywords --- Own car, private transport, public transport, parking cost, logistic regression. 

Digital video steganography has attracted a great deal of research interest in the recent few years in applications. In this paper, we propose a method to embed and encrypt messages into video sequences by using steganography technique Based on the H.264 video coding standard. The system implemented in this work provides robust H.264 video compression constant, without significantly affecting the overall bit rate and quality of the video stream. The results indicate that the algorithm can be implemented steganography fast and efficiently and effect vision and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of video sequences are almost unaffected after decoding.

Steganography is the idea of embedding a secret data in different media and has become an important regulation of methods of data integration. Although the still images are generally applied in the past, is very popular in recent years for the video. The techniques of video data hiding in recent year’s emphasis on the features generated by the video compression standard, a safer method for steganography uses MPEG-4/H.264 Bit Plane Complexity Segmentation (BPCS) algorithm is proposed in this approach. The reason for choosing such a video coverage is the enormous amount of data that can be hidden in each frame of MPEG-4 video. In other words, MPEG-4 has three types of images: I-frame, B, and P frames. Unlike other techniques used to hide data, such as the LSB algorithm, PBCS can achieve better results in both mathematics expression and human vision. In this paper, data is embedded in the videos of the I-frame until the BPCS can reach high levels of integration with low distortion based on the theory that regions of low noise-levels as in a picture can be replaced by noise without a significant loss of image quality. This approach invents data hidden in high-security environments. Experimental results show the success of hidden data in the selected and extracted data from the sequence of frames and also indicate the effectiveness of the implementation plan of steganography compressed video with high security features.

Abstract: Mathematical content has many ambiguities (the same symbol used for different purposes

etc) which are not understood by the current search systems. The current search systems have their

focus placed on the search by keywords of the mathematical terms, symbols and formulas. This paper

introduces a Mathematical Dictionary System (MDS) which contains three dictionaries: The first is a

mathematical terms dictionary from/to Malay to English. Secondly, a mathematical symbols dictionary

that contains three classes of symbols; Greek symbols, operation symbols and notation symbols.

Thirdly, there is the mathematical formulas dictionary that contains six classes of formulas; number

system, polynomials, sequences, functions, differentiation and integration. MDS has two categories of

users, namely students and lecturers. The MDS has two processes; inserting data, and updating data.

Data can come in the forms of new symbols, new formula, and new terms (English-Malay terms or

English-Arabic terms). Lecturers can even add new data. There is also a keyboard for mathematical

symbols which is displayed on the screen. MDS provides multiple ways of searching. Searching can be

narrowed to finding a symbol, a formula, a part of word, and a keyword. Users can listen to the

pronunciation of words after they search; and it is considered as another added value for the MDS

besides searching. The results of the usability test show that the system is easy to learn, and it is

relatively efficient to use.

Few studies have systematically addressed evolutionary changes in olfactory neuron assemblies, either by genetic drift or as an

adaptation to specific odor environments. We have studied the sense of olfaction in 2 congeneric scarab beetles, Pachnoda

interrupta Olivier and Pachnoda marginata Drury (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), which are both opportunistic

polyphages, feeding mainly on fruit and flowers. The 2 species occur in dissimilar habitats: P. interrupta is found in dry

savannah, and P. marginata in tropical parts of equatorial Africa. To study how these species may have adapted their sense of

olfaction to their odor environments, we utilized single-unit electrophysiology on olfactory sensilla with a wide selection of

food-related compounds. Despite the differences in habitat, we found that the species shared most of the physiological types

of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) encountered, although their proportions frequently varied between the species. The high

degree of conservation in olfaction between the species implies that a similar sensory strategy is efficient for food search in

both habitats. However, shifts in proportions of receptor neuron classes, and slight shifts in response profiles and/or presence

of some ORN classes unique to either species, may reflect adaptation to a different set of hosts.

Key words: comparative study, electrophysiology, olfaction, polyphagous herbivore, single sensillum recordings

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