Abstract— Private cars are important for most household

activities in Libyan societies. They give comfort and

convenience to the users to go to different destinations without

affecting other users. However, the total number of private car

and private transport namely taxi and micro buses on the road

increases and causes many problems such as traffic congestion,

accidents, air and noise pollution. This study aims to identify

the factors to support private car drivers shifting to public

transport system (PT) and to develop model shift from private

car to public transport in order to formulate policies to achieve

this. The study has been carried out in Tripoli city authority

areas among private car users who live in the areas with lack

of private transport and no public transport (PT) services. A

questionnaire survey was carried out to study the potential

reduction of private cars on road through optimal use of

suitable public transportation system in order to reduce traffic

problems. The probability of policy car drivers shifting to

public transport was examined based on scenario several

options such as reduce and improve in public transport travel

time, travel cost and car parking. This study has recommended

shift level of level 113 (it means that parking cost will be

increased by Libyan Dinar (LYD) 0.5 as level 1 (low level),

travel time to be improved by 10% as level 1 (low level) and

travel cost to be reduced by at least 50% as level 3 (middle

level)) to be implemented if the targeted PT shift around 60%

to be achieved. The result has shown a logical implementation

to both of the travellers and operators. Statistical Package for

Social Science (SPSS) and Excel 2007 software were used to

descriptive and analysis the questionnaire in this study

This research focuses on the use of the archetypal literary criticism approach in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies through the lens of Carl Jung’s psychoanalytic theories, specifically his notion of archetypes. Archetypal critics make the assumption that human beings all over the world have basic experiences in common and have developed similar stories and symbols to express these experiences. They argue that archetypes determine the form and function of a literary work, that a text's meaning is shaped by cultural and psychological myth. This study aims to study the archetypal patterns in William Golding's novel Lord of the Flies, hoping to understand its symbolism by analyzing the causes and impulses of the characters’ external / internal / social behavior and thus to clarify the individual text by connecting it to more universal patterns that often go beyond literature itself. These archetypal features not only constitute the intelligibility of the text but also tap into a level of desires and anxieties of humankind.

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Understanding diversity is important in our inclusive society to hedge against ignorance and accommodate plural perspectives. Diversity nowadays can be observed in online social spaces. People from different backgrounds (e.g. gender, age, culture, expertise) are interacting every day around online digital objects (e.g. videos, images and web articles) leaving their social content in different format, commonly as textual comments and profiles. The social clouds around digital objects (i.e. user comments, user profiles and other metadata of digital objects) offer rich source of information about the users and their perspectives on different domains. Although, researchers from disparate disciplines have been working on understanding and measuring diversity from different perspectives, little has been done to automatically measure diversity in social clouds. This is the main objective of this research. This research proposes a semantic driven computational model to systematically represent and automatically measure diversity in a social cloud. Definitions from a prominent diversity framework and Semantic Web techniques underpin the proposed model. Diversity is measured based on four diversity indices - variety, balance, coverage and (within and across) disparity with regards to two perspectives – (a) domain, which is captured in user comments and represented by domain ontologies, and (b) user, which is captured in profiles of users who made the comments and represented by a proposed User Diversity Ontology. The proposed model is operationalised resulting in a Semantic Driven Diversity Analytics Tool (SeDDAT), which is responsible for diversity profiling based on the diversity indices. The proposed approach of applying the model is illustrated on social clouds from two social spaces - open (YouTube) and closed (Active Video Watching (AVW-Space)). The open social cloud shows the applicability of the model to generate diversity profiles of a large pool of videos (600) with thousands of users and comments. Closed social clouds of two user groups around same set of videos illustrate transferability and further utility of the model. A list of possible diversity patterns within social clouds is provided, which in turn deepen the understanding of diversity and open doors for further utilities of the diversity profiles. The proposed model is applicable in similar scenarios, such as in the social clouds around MOOCs and news articles.

Peer assessment has attracted more attention an effective assessment tool in recent years. Peer assessment refers to the arrangement for peers to consider the quality of learning outcomes of others of similar status, it received attention of various studies due to the growing interest in the student centered approach as learners need to be involved in the learning process even in the assessment. This paper is a critical review of previous studies on peer assessment in English as Second/Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) context. Fifteen peer assessment studies from 2004 to 2017 were extensively reviewed and systematically analyzed. Peer assessment of the reviewed studies were on the quality of the writing outcomes of students in the EFL/ESL contexts, as writing skill occupies an important role in teaching English language. As a critical review paper of these studies, this paper highlights practical use of peer assessment and the important challenges or issues that need to be considered when utilizing peer assessment in the classroom. This paper hopes that practical measures of peer assessment will be utilized effectively by educators in the ESL and EFL classrooms in the near future.