Abstract— Transport modes are very important to Libyan’s Tripoli residents for their daily trips. However, the total number of own

car and private transport namely taxi and micro buses on the road increases and causes many problems such as traffic congestion,

accidents, air and noise pollution. These problems then causes other related phenomena to the travel activities such as delay in trips,

stress and frustration to motorists which may affect their productivity and efficiency to both workers and students. Delay may also

increase travel cost as well inefficiency in trips making if compare to other public transport users in some Arabs cities. Switching to

public transport (PT) modes alternatives such as buses, light rail transit and underground train could improve travel time and travel

costs. A transport study has been carried out at Tripoli City Authority areas among own car users who live in areas with inadequate

of private transport and poor public transportation services. Analyses about relation between factors such as travel time, travel cost,

trip purpose and parking cost have been made to answer research questions. Logistic regression technique has been used to analyse

these factors that influence users to switch their trips mode to public transport alternatives.

Keywords --- Own car, private transport, public transport, parking cost, logistic regression.

ABSTRACT:

The own car is the first most common mode of transportation using in Tripoli. About 66 % Tripoli’s

resident prefer and used own car for all trips propose and 34 % who’s prefer to use the private

transport such as private taxi and private buses namely (micro bus with capacity from 8 to 16 person)

in Tripoli city. The rapid increase in the use of own car model transport with the poor public transport

system in Tripoli as caused acute traffic jam, accidents, environmental impacts such as (air pollution

and noise) and land use damage for building more new car parks. In this paper, policy aimed at

discouraging the use own car and private transport in the Tripoli city. Also this paper research to

identify factors that prevent own car and private transport users from used public transport so that

logical policies could be formulated to support greater use of public transport. A survey was carried

out on users of own cars and private transport namely (private taxi and private buses) (n= 900).

Descriptive and analytical transportation issue is the main research methodology in this paper. The

most important variables found likely to support the use of public transport were reduced travel time;

reduce the distance from home to public transport stop and suitable fares. In conclusion for the

traveller to change from private vehicles to public transport, proper incentives need to be provided for

better performance.

Keywords: Own car, Private transport, poor public transport, Descriptive and analytical

ABSTRACT

Most of the Arabic capitals cities are suffering from severe traffic congestion as a result of

continuing increase in both road users and private vehicle ownerships. Tripoli capital city of Libya

is one of these cities where majority of the travellers prefer to using private transportation mode

namely own cars which is 88% of the traffic volume for work, study and shop trips. Government

statistical data on the city for October 2009 revealed that out of the total 945,203 vehicles

comprised of 743,796 own cars and 47,031 units of taxis and micro buses. This paper evaluates

traffic characteristics on the three main entrances into the city; the southern entrance covers the AlGabis, Airport Road and Al-Hadaba (Salah Al-Din) entrances; the west entrance includes Al-Giran

entrance; and the east covers Tajora (Al-Bive) entrance. The entrance routes lead to several

downtown roads and main streets in the city, such as two way Omar Al-Mukhtar Street, Mizran

Street, First of September Street at the city centre and Al-Fatah Street along the Tripoli city port.

There are also other old and modern streets traverses in the city centre. As the number of private

cars usage increased, the traffic congestion got more acute. Tripoli streets need to expedite and

support the use of public transportation system namely bus, train and light rail transit into the city.

A questionnaire survey was carried out in Tripoli area to explore the potential reduction of private

cars usage on road through optimal use of suitable public transportation system.

Key words: Traffic volume, traffic congestion, public transport, entrances

Few studies have addressed how olfactory systems may be adapted to different odour environments. I have performed the largest study to date, comparing olfactory receptor neurons in the two congeneric species of scarab beetle, P. marginata and P. interrupta. Both species are fruit- and flower-eaters but geographically separated (equatorial versus sub-Saharan Africa, resp.). They have similar lamellate antennae covered mostly with numerous olfactory sensilla placodea (plate sensilla) and a lesser number of other types, mainly sensilla coeloconica (grooved peg), and smooth peg sensilla of unknown function. By means of single sensillum recordings with tungsten microelectrodes I screened a great number of olfactory sensilla with a large array of odorants. I compared 456 sensilla placodea, containing 212 responding cells, over the whole antennae in both species. The olfactory systems of these two species displayed an amazing degree of conservation, with 20 identified olfactory neuron classes, all except two of which were found in both species with no detectable difference in response profiles. The exceptions were two olfactory receptor neuron classes: methyl benzoate and gamma-nonalactone, which were only found in Pachnoda marginata. In general, the two species showed an almost total overlap in their receptor neuron assemblies. One aim of the study was also to test whether the arrangement of neurons within sensilla was conserved between the species, but this could not be tested as very few combinations of characterized neurons were encountered during the study.

Key words: olfaction, electrophysiology, scarab beetles, Pachnoda marginata, Pachnoda interrupta, single sensillum recording, olfactory receptor neurons

Due to the inherent complexity of decision making in supply chain management (SCM), there is a growing need for modelling supply chain systems with different methodologies. A large number of manufacturing organisations in particular the cement industry in Libya is seeking techniques that can help, identify and implement strategies for developing and improving their supply chain network. Developing a supply chain management system requires the analysis of the manufacturing processes from the initial sourcing to the end customers. The paper reports that the Libyan cement industry has problems related to its productivity. In order to face these problems, cement factories need to increase their production. To accomplish this, they require a clear strategy towards an efficient supply chain.