The present study was performed to evaluate the anti-schistosomal activity of the medicinal plant ginger Zingiber officinale. Mice were individually infected with 100 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Four weeks post-infection, mice were orally treated with 1200 mg/kg of ginger for ten consecutive days. After the last dose all animals were sacrificed to evaluate the efficacy of ginger in treatment of the infection. The results obtained showed moderate reduction of 16.5% in the worm burden compared with control infected animals. The liver egg count showed a marked reduction of 53.8%. Ginger treatment showed a significant reduction in the size of liver granuloma where a percentage reduction of 66.35 was observed. Ginger treatment was slightly reflected on the liver function at such rate of infection, where an improvement in serum arginase activity was recorded, while no appreciable improvement in hepatic ALT and AST activities, albumin and creatinine contents. In conclusion Z. officinale displayed some degree of anti-schistosomal activity through reducing of the S. mansoni eggs output and the liver granuloma size.

Parallel plate combustor wall cooling was investigated. The combustor air flowed down the gap between two flat surfaces in a low pressure loss configuration. The work was aimed at combustor liner external air cooling for regenerative combustor cooling prior to entering a lean low NOx combustor. The test rig was 152 mm square and the test section was a duct of 152mm width and height of 10 and 5mm with a 152mm length. The experimental investigation involved the measurement of the heat transfer coefficient using the lumped capacity method. together with overall wall cooling effectiveness measurements in a hot duct test rig. The compromise between increased pressure loss and enhanced heat transfer for obstacles in the duct was investigated. It was shown that at coolant flow rates comparable with combustor requirements, adequate wall cooling effectiveness could be achieved using this technique. The cooling effectiveness performance was compared with the alternative technique of impingement cooling using low impingement jet pressure loss

This paper presents computational predictions of adiabatic film cooling effectiveness for effusion cooling systems with 90o and 30o holes. Predictions are performed for a range of coolant injection mass flow rates per unit surface area, G, of 0.1kg/sm2 - 1.6 kg/sm2 for 90o holes with constant pitch-todiameter ratio of X/D = 11 and 10 rows of holes and for 30o inclined holes with X/D = 11 and 15 rows of holes over a 152mm surface length. The computational works performed are steady-state and the turbulent governing equations are solved by a control-volume-based finite difference method with second-order upwind scheme and the k-epsilon turbulence model. The velocity and pressure terms of momentum equations are solved by the SIMPLE method. The CFD prediction were validated by comparing the predictions with literature data for single rows of inclined holes and then applied to effusion cooling. The predictions included the use of a tracer gas in the coolant, which was used to predict the mixing of the coolant with the hot mainstream gases. Also the surface distribution of the tracer gas was a direct prediction of the cooling effectiveness. The mixing of coolant with the mainstream was studied and boundary layer temperature and coolant mixing profiles were predicted. These were compared with temperature measurement in a hot effusion cooling test rig. 

1. This study investigated the impact of textual cohesive conjunctives on the reading comprehension of Libyan university students studying English as a foreign language. Conjunctions as defined by Halliday and Hasan (1976) in their theory of textual cohesion provide the theoretical background to this work. The literature reviewed revealed contradictory findings in relation to the effect of conjunctions on reading comprehension. Many linguists and psycholinguists found that all conjunctive types (i. e. additives, adversatives, causals, and temporals) can facilitate reading comprehension. However, other studies came to the conclusion that conjunctives affected reading comprehension in different ways, or that they had no effect or a negative effect on the reading comprehension of native and foreign language readers. In order to explore the effects of conjunctions on the reading comprehension of university students for whom English was a foreign language (i. e. 4 `h year English department students in two Libyan universities) an intervention programme was designed. This programme involved the application of pre-post tests and only post-test of reading comprehension. The first experiment was organised in the Gharian English Department and the second took place in the Sabrata English Department. The participants were divided into comparative/control and treatment/intervention groups. The treatment group was explicitly taught conjunctions for three months. The comparative groups were taught their current traditional syllabus. The rationale behind having two different types of experiments in two English departmentsis the recommendatioonf Bryman( 1989)a nd otherm ethodologisttso be cautious of the possible negative effect of pre-testing. There is a possibility that the participants who attend the pre-test could benefit from this experience when they answer the same questions in the post-test, especially if the interval between the tests is short. By organising two experiments enough data were available for the study even if a negative effect from the pre- and the post-test experiment was discovered. That was followed by interviewing the participants of the treatment groups and asking them about the strategies they had used in answering the reading comprehension test. By organising semi-structured interviews, the researcher was able to explore the extent to which the participants had used their understanding of conjunctions to facilitate reading comprehension. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the collected data. T-tests were conducted to find out if there were any significant differences between the means of the treatment group, and the comparative groups' pre and post-tests results. The results revealed that all of the conjunctive types investigated facilitated the reading comprehension of the fourth year English students in the two Libyan university English departments. However, it was found that some conjunctive types were more facilitative of reading comprehension than others. The pedagogical implications of the findings for the teaching of reading in Libyan universities and beyond are discussed.

تمت إضافة ثلاثة أنواع نباتية للفلورا الليبية هي Ruta montana + Pimpinella cretica + plantago bellardii

تمت إضافة ثلاثة أنواع نباتية للفلورا الليبية هي Lactuca saligna + Sanguisorba minor

The use of computers for handling image data in the healthcare is growing The amount of data produced by modem image generating techniques, such as Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance (MR), is vast. The amount of data might be a problem from a storage point of view or when the data is sent over a network. To overcome these problems data compression techniques adapted to these applications are needed Many classes of images contain some spatial regions which are more important than other regions. Compression methods which are capable of achieving higher reconstruction quality of important parts of the image have been implemented For medical images, only a small portion of the image might be diagnostically useful but the cost of wrong interpretation is high. Algorithms which deliver lossless compression within the regions of interest (ROJ), and lossy compression elsewhere in the image, might be the key to providing efficient and accurate image coding to the medical community. In this thesis both of compression techniques (lossy and lossless) of medical images using the JPEG algorithm (DCT), will be discussed.