Manure application to agricultural soil introduces antibiotic residues and increases the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), often located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs). The rhizosphere is regarded as a hotspot of microbial activity and gene transfer, which can alter and prolong the effects of organic fertilizers containing antibiotics. However, not much is known about the influence of plants on the effects of doxycycline applied to soil via manure. In this study, the effects of manure spiked with or without doxycycline on the prokaryotic community composition as well as on the relative abundance of ARGs and MGEs in lettuce rhizosphere and bulk soil were investigated by means of a polyphasic cultivation-independent approach. Samples were taken 42 days after manure application, and total community DNA was extracted. Besides a pronounced manure effect, doxycycline spiking caused an additional enrichment of ARGs and MGEs. High-throughput quantitative PCR revealed an increase in tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLS_B) resistance genes associated with the application of manure spiked with doxycycline. This effect was unexpectedly lower in the rhizosphere than in bulk soil, suggesting a faster dissipation of the antibiotic and a more resilient prokaryotic community in the rhizosphere. Interestingly, the tetracycline resistance gene tetA(P) was highly enriched in manure-treated bulk soil and rhizosphere, with highest values observed in doxycycline-treated bulk soil, concurring with an enrichment of Clostridia. Thus, the gene tetA(P) might be a suitable marker of soil contamination by ARB, ARGs, and antibiotics of manure origin. These findings illustrate that the effects of manure and doxycycline on ARGs and MGEs differ between rhizosphere and bulk soil, which needs to be considered when assessing risks for human health connected to the spread of ARGs in the environment.

• Abstract
• A reservoir is a subsurface rock that has effective porosity and permeability which usually contains commercially exploitable quantity of hydrocarbon. Reservoir characterization is undertaken to determine its capability to both store and transmit fluid. Petrophysical well log and core data, in this paper, were integrated in an analysis of the reservoir characteristics by selecting of three productive wells. The selected wells are located at Abu Attifel field in Libya for Upper Nubian Sandstone formation at depth varied form 12921 to14330 ft. The main aim of this study is to compare the laboratory measurement of core data with that obtained from well log data in order to determine reservoir properties such as shale volume, porosity (Φ), permeability (K), fluid saturation, net pay thickness. The plots of porosity logs and core porosity versus depth for the three wells revealed significant similarity in the porosity values. The average volume of shale for the reservoir was determined to be 22.5%, and average permeability values of the three wells are above 150 md, while porosity values ranged from 9 to 11%. Low water saturation 13 to 22% in the three wells indicates the wettability of the reservoir is water-wet. 

Forty-five limb lengthening procedures are carried out in the Orthopedic department in Alkhadra Hospital in Tripoli the period between April 2006 and December 2010A retrograde study done Subjects and Methods A scanogram was used for measurement. All our cases

operated under general anesthesia. One bone at a time, for the tibia, we used the tourniquet. Distal or midshaft fibular osteotomy: If it was distal, we fix the distal segment to the tibia by a single screw for ankle stability. Two Schanz screws were inserted in the metaphyseal region above the proposed corticotomy site, another two screws just below it. As all our cases had proximal metaphyseal osteotomy, one skin incision was used, and two parallel periosteal incisions were performed. Gigli saw was used with or without drill holes, safeguarding the medulla. The Wagner apparatus was then installed. The wound was closed in layers over the drain. An antibiotic was given postoperatively; check if an x-ray was taken. On the second postoperative day, lengthening started and was recorded on the chart. In the other group the corticotomy was kept compressed for two weeks, and lengthening started in the same manner. We lengthen 1 mm per day, monitoring the patient's response. Some patients were taught how to use the apparatus on themselves, though most of the patients remained in the hospital until full length was achieved. Control x-ray prior to discharge unless complications were detected. Once the target length had been achieved, the frame was locked until a good quality of bone was seen radiologically; then the fixator was removed. All patients underwent vigorous physiotherapy from the first postoperative day Results from 45 patients include 10 males (22%) and 35 females (78%). Twenty-seven tibiae (60%), seventeen femora (37%), and one humerus were lengthened (3%). Lengthening ranged between 3 cm (18%) and 11 cm (3%). The cause of lengthening was residual poliomyelitis in 38 patients (84%), trauma in 4 patients (9%), and congenital shortening in 3 patients (7%). Complication: Only 5 cases (11%) had pin tract infection; malalignment of the longitudinal axis more than 5 degrees was noticed in 12 cases (27%); equinus deformity was noticed in 9 cases (20%) of tibial lengthening; and knee stiffness was observed in 11 cases (24%) of both femoral and tibial lengthening. There was neither serious infection nor deep venous thrombosis. With such an extended course of treatment, most of the patients had some problems that resolved with nonoperative intervention. Most patients experienced pain or discomfort during The course of treatment was managed by analgesics or by stopping the length for 1-2 days. Conclusion: In all patients the desired length was gained without any serious mechanical problems.