ABSTRACT :

Transport modes are very important to Libyan’s Gharian travellers for their

activities and daily trips. However, the increase of total number of private car and

private transport namely (taxi and micro buses) on the road increases and causes

many road problems such as traffic congestion, accidents and noise pollution. The

aim of this research is to study the two important factors to shifting to public

transportation. Analyses about relation between factors as travel time and cost

have been made to answer research questions. A questionnaire survey in Gharian

city was carried out to study the potential reduction of private cars on road through

optimal use of suitable public transportation system (PT) in order to reduce traffic

congestion problems such as travel time. Logistic regression model has been used

to analyse the factors that influence users to shift their trips to public transportation

alternatives.

Key words: travel time, travel cost, private car, public transport (PT), traffic

congestion and Logistic regression.

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التحول من منظمة الوحدة الأفريقية إلى الاتحاد الأفريقي. هل يحدث ذلك فرقًا؟

يحلل المقال المنظمات الدولية مثل (عصبة الأمم) التي أنشئت في عام 1919م و الأمم المتحدة في عام 1945م وكذلك المنظمات الإقليمية مثل منظمة الدول الأمريكية (1948)، جامعة الدول العربية (1949)، منظمة حلف شمال الأطلسي، الناتو (1949)، منظمة معاهدة وارسو (1955) منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي و التنمية OECD) (1961))، منظمة الوحدة الأفريقية OAU) (1963))، رابطة أمم جنوب شرق آسيا (1967) (ASEAN) و الاتحاد الأوروبي (1957) (EU) ويقيم دورها في تحقيق السلام والأمن، وكذلك توفير الرفاهية والاستقرار الاقتصادي في جميع أنحاء العالم. 

In this paper, the discrete–time periodic static output feedback control design problem is considered. A

hybrid conjugate gradient methods are analyzed and studied to tackle an equivalent optimization problem of this

optimal control problem. Finally, the proposed algorithms are tested numerically through several test problems

from the benchmark collection.