Early diagnosis of retinal OCT images has been shown to curtail blindness and visual impairments. However, the advancement of ophthalmic imaging technologies produces an ever-growing scale of retina images, both in volume and variety, which overwhelms the ophthalmologist ability to segment these images. While many automated methods exist, speckle noise and intensity inhomogeneity negatively impacts the performance of these methods. We present a comprehensive and fully automatic method for annotation of retinal layers in OCT images comprising of fuzzy histogram hyperbolisation (FHH) and graph cut methods to segment 7 retinal layers across 8 boundaries. The FHH handles speckle noise and inhomogeneity in the preprocessing step. Then the normalised vertical image gradient, and it’s inverse to represent image intensity in calculating two adjacency matrices and then the FHH reassigns the edge-weights to make edges along retinal boundaries have a low cost, and graph cut method identifies the shortest-paths (layer boundaries). The method is evaluated on 150 B-Scan images, 50 each from the temporal, foveal and nasal regions were used in our study. Promising experimental results have been achieved with high tolerance and adaptability to contour variance and pathological inconsistency of the retinal layers in all (temporal, foveal and nasal) regions. The method also achieves high accuracy, sensitivity, and Dice score of 0.98360, 0.9692 and 0.9712, respectively in segmenting the retinal nerve fibre layer. The annotation can facilitate eye examination by providing accurate results. The integration of the vertical gradients into the graph cut framework, which captures the unique characteristics of retinal structures, is particularly useful in finding the actual minimum paths across multiple retinal layer boundaries. Prior knowledge plays an integral role in image segmentation.

This paper aims to analyze mainstream technology and Internet-based learning and attempts to explore the possibilities of incorporating digital text into the curriculum. Where this paper came to answer two important questions namely how can technology increase reading comprehension skills and make readers more efficient in their L2? What is the position of teachers and students of English as a foreign language about the Internet application in the classroom?. This paper found that the reader can connect with the ideas and incorporate them into previously gained information; also, improving reading comprehension skills primarily requires motivation, mental frameworks for holding ideas, concentration and good study techniques. Moreover, Realizing and understanding the text is much more complex and practical than vocabulary familiarity Keywords: Online Reading, Comprehension, Expanding, Understanding. 

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fitness of mandibular Kennedy class I PEEK removable partial dentures fabricated with various techniques.

Materials and Methods: Six patients were selected for this study with maxillary completely edentulous arch against mandibular distal extension ridges posterior to canine teeth. each patient was randomly given the following frameworks in a crossover design; Group I: All patients were received PEEK frameworks fabricated by milling via CAD-CAM technique (PEEK disc were used). Group II: All patients were received PEEK frameworks fabricated by injection molding technique (Granular form of medical grade PEEK). For each framework (milled & injected), the fitness evaluation were done by measuring the gap between the framework and oral structures by evaluation the thickness of light body poly vinyl- siloxane impression material.

Results: The mean overall and site specific values of Gap distance beneath frameworks fabricated by CAD-CAM technique was significantly higher than the mean values of Gap distance in frameworks fabricated by injection technique.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this short-term clinical study it was concluded that: 1) The fitness of both techniques of the RPD PEEK BioHPP frameworks manufacture were clinically accepted by the participants. 2) The RPD PEEK BioHPP frameworks manufactured by CAD / CAM was less fitness values than BioHPP frameworks constructed by Injection molding technique.