Luotonins and its derivatives (Isoluotonins) are alkaloids from the aerial parts of Peganum nigellastrum Bunge. that display three major skeleton types. Luotonins A, B, and E are pyrroloquinazolinoquinoline alkaloids,. A few methods were known for the sysnthesis of Isoluotonin All luotonins have shown promising cytotoxicities towards selected human cancer cell lines, especially against leukemia P-388 cells. Luotonin A is the most active one, with its activity stemming from topoisomerase I-dependent DNAcleavage. Such intriguing biological activities and unique structures have led not only to the development of synthetic methods for the efficient synthesis of these compounds, but also to interest in structural modifications for improving the biological properties. Recent progress in the study of luotonins is covered. 

A new generalised derivative operator is introduced. This operator generalised many well-known operators studied earlier by many authors. New subclasses of analytic functions in the open unit disc are introduced which are defined using generalized derivative operator. Inclusion theorems are investigated for functions to be in the classes. Furthermore, generalised Bernardi-Libera-Livington integral operator is shown to be preserved for these classes.

Most data-hiding techniques have already been investigated in detail as regards image files in both

the spatial and frequency domains. However, they are currently the subject of several investigations in

the video domain. In recent years, among many proposed steganographic methods in the spatial

domain, pixel-value differencing (PVD) provides both high embedding capacity and viable

imperceptibility for images compared with other techniques, such as least significant bit (LSB) method.

It utilizes the remainder of two consecutive pixels in embedding secret data, and the number of

embedded bits is based on the amount of difference. The large amount of difference indicates that more

secret bits can be embedded. However, based on extensive experiments, using such technique to embed

secret data in the frequency domain creates a massive negative effect on hosted data, even resulting in

low embedding capacity, which will lead to undesired distortion in the host file. In this paper, some

modifications to the PVD method are proposed that make it capable of embedding secret information

in macro-blocks of both I-frames and P-frames for MPEG-2 video during compression. The

modifications applied to PVD reduce the distortion drift caused by reversible data hiding within

selected macro-block coefficients. Furthermore, this research devises an adaptive method that can

achieve a more secure scheme for embedding data based on encrypting the host macro-block

coefficients before the hiding process using a secret encrypted key. Based on the simulation results

obtained in this proposed approach, the proposed scheme successfully improves the perceived quality

and achieves much better security compared with PVD-based method while still retaining the

advantage of hiding a large amount of information.

The Effect of Recognizing Lexical Cohesive Relations of Written Text on the Reading Comprehension of Libyan EFL University Students

In this paper, the definition of intuitionistic fuzzy parameterised fuzzy soft set (ifpfs-sets) is introduced with their properties. Two operations on intersection are introduced. Also, some examples for these operations are given. The ifpfs-set, namely union and definition of ifpfs-aggregation operator which forms ifpfs-decision making method is Introduced.

Abstract: This paper investigates the ability of supplying the elliptical items omitted from a written text and its impact on the reading comprehension of Libyan university students studying EFL. Ellipsis can be defined as the omission of one or more lexical items that are understood in the context, but which are required to make the sentence or utterance grammatically correct. An elliptical item could be nominal, verbal or clausal. 4th year English Department students from the English Department- Faculty of ArtsGharian in Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi University completed reading comprehension test. Seventy one out of a hundred and four students accepted to participate in the study. The test was modified to include many elliptical items and the students were asked to supply them. The results, which were statistically analyzed, suggested that the study participants were not able to supply the correct elliptical items and consequently had poor reading comprehension results. The mean marks achieved were only 33.8. This result may have many pedagogical implications. Keywords: Ellipsis, nominal, verbal, clausal, reading comprehension 

Brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) was crosslinked through an esterification reaction using the sodium salt of dicyclopentadiene dicarboxylic acid (DCPDCA) as crosslinking agent. The crosslinked BIIR could de-crosslink upon heating and re-crosslink upon cooling due to Diels-Alder type reversible de-dimerization/re-dimerization of dicyclopentadiene moieties in the rubber networks. Torque measurement of the crosslinked rubber was conducted at various temperatures using a typical curemeter to investigate the thermo-reversibility. It was revealed that proper temperature for thermal processing of the crosslinked BIIR would be around 174 °C, at which the crosslinked polymer exhibits good flowability and is not too high to induce unexpected side reactions. The torque measurement was also carried out to investigate the efficiency of antioxidant on retarding the loss of the thermo-reversibility of the crosslinked polymer during heating-cooling cycles. It was found that addition of antioxidant 2246 [2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol)] into BIIR could significantly improve the thermo-reversibility of DCPDCA crosslinked BIIR. Torque measurement provides a convenient and sensitive method to understand the thermal behavior of reversible covalent crosslinked polymer.

Background: African trypanosomes are capable of both pyrimidine biosynthesis and salvage of preformed pyrimidines from the host, but it is unknown whether either process is essential to the parasite. Methodology/Principal Findings: Pyrimidine requirements for growth were investigated using strictly pyrimidine-free media, with or without single added pyrimidine sources. Growth rates of wild-type bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei brucei were unchanged in pyrimidine-free medium. The essentiality of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway was studied by knocking out the PYR6-5 locus that produces a fusion product of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) and Orotidine Monophosphate Decarboxylase (OMPDCase). The pyrimidine auxotroph was dependent on a suitable extracellular pyrimidine source. Pyrimidine starvation was rapidly lethal and non-reversible, causing incomplete DNA content in new cells. The phenotype could be rescued by addition of uracil; supplementation with uridine, 29deoxyuridine, and cytidine allowed a diminished growth rate and density. PYR6-52/ 2 trypanosomes were more sensitive to pyrimidine antimetabolites and displayed increased uracil transport rates and uridine phosphorylase activity. Pyrimidine auxotrophs were able to infect mice although the infection developed much more slowly than infection with the parental, prototrophic trypanosome line. Conclusions/Significance: Pyrimidine salvage was not an essential function for bloodstream T. b. brucei. However, trypanosomes lacking de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis are completely dependent on an extracellular pyrimidine source, strongly preferring uracil, and display reduced infectivity. As T. brucei are able to salvage sufficient pyrimidines from the host environment, the py