The role of agriculture in the transfer of drug resistant pathogens to humans is widely debated and poorly understood. Escherichia coli is a valuable indicator organism for contamination and carriage of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foods. Whilst whole genome sequences for E. coli from animals and associated meats are common, sequences from produce are scarce. Produce may acquire drug resistant E. coli from animal manure fertilizers, contaminated irrigation water and wildlife, particularly birds. Whole genome sequencing was used to characterize 120 tetracycline (TET) resistant E. coli from store-bought, ready-to-eat cilantro, arugula and mixed salad from two German cities. E. coli were recovered on the day of purchase and after 7 days of refrigeration. Cilantro was far more frequently contaminated with TET-resistant E. coli providing 102 (85%) sequenced strains. Phylogroup B1 dominated the collection (n = 84, 70%) with multi-locus sequence types B1-ST6186 (n = 37, 31%), C-ST165 (n = 17, 14%), B1-ST58 (n = 14, 12%), B1-ST641 (n = 8, 7%), and C-ST88 (n = 5, 4%) frequently identified. Notably, seven strains of diverse sequence type (ST) carried genetic indicators of ColV virulence plasmid carriage. A number of previously identified and novel integrons associated with insertion elements including IS26 were also identified. Storage may affect the lineages of E. coli isolated, however further studies are needed. Our study indicates produce predominantly carry E. coli with a commensal phylogroup and a variety of AMR and virulence-associated traits. Genomic surveillance of bacteria that contaminate produce should be a matter of public health importance in order to develop a holistic understanding of the environmental dimensions of AMR.

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Abstract

The research was conducted to investigate the problems and difficulties that ESL students and teachers have faced while they are teaching and learning pronunciation skills. It has been explained some pronunciation goals and factors that affect pronunciation learning. Also, it has been given some ideas for focusing on specific pronunciation features. In addition, some plans for effective learning experiences have been mentioned.  

As businesses are spreading to different locations they require a strong 

and secure way of communication between the different offices. There 

are different services which require nonstop flow of traffic. The 

multimedia applications with voice and video needs more priority than 

other applications, as it is sensitive to delay. The MPLS (Multiprotocol 

Label Switching) based VPN (Virtual Private Network) can provide QoS 

(Quality of Service) features. This paper investigate on how DiffServ 

QoS Model parameters over MPLS VPNs environment can help the 

enterprise network customers to maintain the quality for their multimedia 

application usage in their network. To test our approach, a MPLS VPN 

Traffic Engineering approach was configured on two distinct enterprise 

businesses and MPLS VPN networking with and without DiffServ QoS 

parameters for voice, email and data were implemen

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Comparison Between Secondary School Pupils' English Achievement in General Certificate of Secondary Education And Their Health Sciences College English Admission Test Achievement