Abstract: This paper presents simulation technique for life assessment of the insulation of the power transformer. Load and ambient temperatures are two important factors that influence the hot spot of transformers. The transformer hot spot temperature is one of the most critical parameter in determining the life of transformer paper insulation. The simulation (Matlab Software Package) is based on related international standards as the IEC 60076-7:2005 loading guide method. Load and ambient temperatures of the transformer obtain from General Electrical Company and meteorology office of Libya are used as the input for the simulation together with transformer parameters from heat run test. Hottest spot temperature and loss-of-life are calculated. Lifetime of transformer is predicted. Keywords: Hot-spot temperature, power transformer, top-oil temperature, loss of life

Abstract

William Shakespeare’s "Hamlet," written around 1600, is one of the most famous tragedies in the English language. The play is rich in themes such as revenge, madness, mortality, and the complexity of the human condition.                   

This paper analyzes the dramatic structure using Freytag’s pyramid and Aristotle tragedy theory as a framework. They examine the play’s exposition, inciting incident, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution, and conflict combining with Aristotle theory to understand how Shakespeare constructs a powerful tragedy. The method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative, which aims to analyzing and collecting data from the play and some referential books, library ,websites and other data sources that were useful for the analysis.The study also explores the significance of Hamlet in literary studies. The results of the study have pedagogical implications for teaching English literature for students and language learners. 

Key words: Hamlet ,Aristotle theory, Freytag pyramid, tragedy drama. 

In the era of digital communication, Facebook has emerged as a powerful platform influencing language use, particularly among university students. This study investigates the phenomenon of "Facebook English," a distinctive digital variety marked by informal grammar, abbreviations, emoticons, and creative lexical formations. Focusing on Libyan English department students, the research explores the relationship between Facebook usage and its impact on academic writing, grammatical accuracy, and perceptions of language formality. Using a quantitative methods approach that includes surveys and statistical analysis, the findings reveal no significant correlation between Facebook use and academic English performance. However, gender and age differences were observed in the use and perception of Facebook English. The study emphasizes the need for language educators to integrate digital literacy and critical language awareness into curricula, enabling students to navigate both informal and academic registers effectively. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of computer-mediated communication and its pedagogical implications in EFL contexts. Keywords: Facebook English, Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), Sociolinguistics, Libyan University Students, Digital Literacy, Language Variation, Academic Writing, Informal Registers, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), Social Media Linguistics

العلاج الضوئي الديناميكي (PDT) يُعد وسيلة علاجية طفيفة التوغل تعتمد على تفاعل كيميائي ضوئي لتدمير الأنسجة المرضية بشكل انتقائي. يتضمن هذا العلاج عاملًا محسسًا للضوء، ومصدرًا ضوئيًا، والأكسجين الجزيئي. من بين العوامل المحسِّسة الأكثر استخدامًا: حمض 5-أمينوليفولينيك (ALA) وميثيل أمينوليفولينات (MAL). وقد تمت الموافقة على استخدام PDT لعلاج التقرن الشعاعي (AK)، وسرطان الخلايا القاعدية (BCC)، ومرض بوين. تُستخدم مصادر الضوء LED بشكل قياسي في PDT. أظهر العلاج فعالية في معالجة الآفات السطحية والمتعددة والواسعة الانتشار، مع تطبيقات في الأورام الجلدية والأمراض الجلدية مثل حب الشباب، الصدفية، والبهاق. يبرز الملخص الأهمية السريرية والإمكانات العلاجية لـ PDT.