Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) is essential for guiding appropriate antibiotic therapy. The disk diffusion method is widely used in Libya due to its low cost, yet deviations from standardized protocols can compromise result accuracy, affecting clinical decisions and patient outcomes. This study evaluated the performance of the disk diffusion AST method in medical laboratories in Gharyan, Libya, using EUCAST guidelines (version 12.0) as a benchmark. Seventy-five AST plates representing 122 clinical specimens were randomly collected from three pathology centers between September and November 2025. Plates were analyzed for the type of culture media, number of specimens per plate, number of antibiotic disks, and readability of results. All plates were 90 mm in diameter. Nutrient agar was used for 118 specimens, and blood agar for two; none used Mueller-Hinton agar as recommended. Only 17% of plates tested a single specimen per plate; the majority tested one specimen on half or a quarter of a plate. The number of antibiotic disks per specimen often exceeded EUCAST limits (up to 20 disks per plate), and only 8% of plates yielded readable results. Widespread deviations from EUCAST protocols—including inappropriate media, specimen overloading, and excessive disks—compromise AST reliability. These errors may lead to incorrect antibiotic prescriptions, delayed recovery, and increased antimicrobial resistance. Strict adherence to standardized guidelines is urgently required to ensure accurate, clinically meaningful AST results. Moreover, raising awareness of the importance of following standard guidelines is crucial for correcting the course

Despite the critical demand for advanced English proficiency in Libyan 

higher education, primary public schools, particularly in rural areas, have 

been neglected. This qualitative study investigates the imperative for 

implementing improved methodologies in Teaching English as a Foreign 

Language (EFL) in Libyan primary public schools, using the post-conflict 

rural municipality of Al Gwaleesh as a case study. Data were collected by 

questionnaires and classroom observations from ten teachers and ten third

year pupils. The findings reveal a systemic reliance on traditional Grammar

Translation Methods, a stark deficiency of resources (including basic 

teaching aids and ICT), and minimal student engagement. Teachers 

demonstrated limited application of Communicative Language Teaching 

(CLT) principles, focusing predominantly on rote memorization and written 

exercises. Consequently, pupils reported low motivation and a failure to 

grasp the language's practical utility. The study concludes that a 

fundamental overhaul of EFL pedagogy in Libya is urgently required, 

recommending the integration of audio-visual aids, activity-based learning, 

and 

strategic 

incorporation 

of 

Information and Communication 

Technologies (ICTs) to foster intrinsic motivation and build a sustainable 

foundation for English proficiency.

تقدم هذه الورقة بحثاً حول إطار عمل يعتمد على التعلم العميق للتصنيف متعدد الملصقات لأمراض الصدر باستخدام صور الأشعة السينية وبنية EfficientNet. يعالج هذا الإطار تحدي تشخيص الحالات المتعددة التي تتشابه في المظهر وغالباً ما تحدث معاً. يستخدم إطار العمل تقنية التعلم بنقل الخبرة (Transfer Learning)، مع إجراء ضبط دقيق لعدة متغيرات من نموذج EfficientNet (من B0 إلى B4) باستخدام مجموعة بيانات NIH ChestX-ray14. كما يوظف البحث تقنيات Focal Loss و Stochastic Weight Averaging لمعالجة اختلال توازن البيانات وتحسين قدرة النموذج على التعميم. يعتمد هذا النهج على آليات الانتباه (Attention Mechanisms) وتقنية Grad-CAM لجعل النتائج أكثر قابلية للتفسير، مما يثبت أن التوقعات تستند إلى ميزات سريرية هامة. حقق النموذج درجات عالية في مقياس ROC-AUC للحالات الأكثر وضوحاً مثل الانصباب (0.8545)، وتضخم القلب (0.8003)، والاسترواح الصدري (0.7820). ومع ذلك، واجه النموذج صعوبة أكبر في تصنيف الحالات الأكثر دقة مثل الارتشاح، والعقيدات، والالتهاب الرئوي. يؤدي إطار العمل بشكل يضاهي أو يتفوق على العديد من نماذج الشبكات العصبية التلافيفية (CNN) القائمة من حيث الدقة والكفاءة. يوفر هذا البحث سير عمل قوياً وقابلاً للتكرار لتطبيقات الأشعة، مع إمكانية استخدامه في مهام تشخيصية أخرى. كما تشير الدراسة إلى بعض المعوقات، مثل اختلال توازن الفئات والحاجة إلى دعم أفضل لاتخاذ القرارات السريرية، وتقترح تحسينات مستقبلية مثل تقنيات أفضل لتعزيز البيانات ونمذجة عدم اليقين.

Libya is country of desert and the arid climate makes it in extreme lack of surface water .Groundwater then bececomes a very important resource to meet the economical and agricultural demand ,which believed to be comparatively much cleaner and free from poliution than surface water , water poliution is a state of deviation from pure condition .whereby its normal function and properties are affected .The present study is amied at assesses the bacteriologcal pollution of ground water samples used for humans and animals at different 11 localities in Tripoli rigion , Libya .This study related to the bacteriologcal analysis revealed high values of toral bacterial count in groundwater samples from both tanks (648.85 cfu/ml)and wells (394.34cfu/ml) than standard count imit (100cfu/ml)for driking water by EPA. Naarly similar values of MPN of coliform (58.00MPN/100ml) and E.coli bacteria (0.20) from both tanks and wells, other than zero number per 100 ml set by WHO .Finally , we did not find pathogenic bacteria as Salmonella and Enterococci bacteria , but there is very littel number of pathognic bacteria as Staphylocooccus aurous (1.50) and Pseudomonas aerugnosa (0.07) isoaled from both tanks and wells samples . Hence ,it was concluded that . This research to analysis the bacteriologcal pollution of grandwater used for hnmans and animals for some different localities of Tripoli , Libya with review to the hygienic standards and suggest an approach for imporing and prevent such contamination . Microbiological lested ground waters samples are good and mostly suitable for domestic uses. the coliform and pathogenic bacterial contamination render this water unsatisfactory for driking purposes unless bacteriologically perfactly treated ,if necessary for consideration for utility.