This research investigated the challenges medical university students encounter in learning

technical vocabulary. A quantitative research approach was adopted. 61 first-year medical

students at the University of Gharyan participated in the study. A structured questionnaire was

used to gather the data. The findings revealed that medical university students encounter

several challenges in medical vocabulary learning, including pronunciation, spelling, meaning and use. The results also indicated that medical university students struggle to recall some

medical terms, which could be attributed to cognitive overload. The researchers suggest

revaluating the current English medical programs at the Faculties of Medicine in Libya.

Teaching vocabulary in context, highlighting the grammatical categories of words, drawing

distinctions between synonyms through examples, and training students on using medical

words through interactive activities could enhance the current English medical programs.

Abstract 

Dental caries is a widespread infectious disease influenced by bacterial activity, dietary factors, and host 

susceptibility. Community water fluoridation has been a key public health measure for caries prevention, 

particularly in children. The optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water (0.7 mg/L) balances caries 

reduction with minimal fluorosis risk. This study assessed fluoride levels in drinking water and their 

correlation with dental caries in primary school children in Gharyan, Libya. A cross-sectional study was 

conducted on 350 children (aged 7–10 years) from urban and rural schools in Gharyan. Water samples from 

five stores and one groundwater source were analyzed for fluoride concentration using an ion-selective 

electrode. Dental caries was assessed using the dmft/DMFT index. Fluoride levels in water stores were 

negligible (0.0–0.1 mg/L), while unfiltered groundwater exhibited high concentrations (6.0–7.0 mg/L), 

exceeding WHO guidelines (1.5 mg/L). The low fluoride availability in most drinking sources suggests 

limited caries-preventive effects from water fluoridation in this region. The study highlights insufficient 

fluoride exposure in Gharyan’s public water supply, potentially contributing to higher caries prevalence. 

Further research is needed to evaluate alternative fluoride delivery methods and assess groundwater safety 

to optimize oral health outcomes.

Keywords. Fluoride Concentration, Drinking Water, Dental Caries, Primary School.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to explore EFL teachers’ perceptions of the 21st-century PD program in six primary schools in Al Jabal Al Gharbi district. 31 teachers participated in the study. The mixed-research approach was used to conduct the research. A structured questionnaire and a semi-structured interview were used to gather the data. The results revealed that participants acquired several teaching skills, such as new techniques for teaching vocabulary, speaking, and listening language skills, from the 21st-century PD program. Furthermore, the participants reported positive changes in their students’ outcomes, including improved speaking, listening and vocabulary. The findings also revealed some complications in implementing the PD program, including a lack of resources and administrative support at some schools.

Abstract

This research investigates the challenges that encountered Libyan English Teachers of implementing technology in teaching English to students in Ghyrian University. Data were collected through focused observations and semi-structured interviews. According to the data analysis, the primary obstacles that EFL Teachers at Ghyrian University encounter when attempting to teach using technology were the absence of computers, internet access, technical support, and teachers who possess the necessary skills and expertise. Additionally, it was found that higher education teachers have a favourable opinion on the usage of technology in the classroom. In order to accomplish the goal of the teaching and learning process, the study concludes that the EFL curriculum in Ghyrian university must take into account integrating technology into education.

Abstract The knowledge of the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups is important for the blood bank's successful administration and necessary for the blood transfusion services among the population. The aim of this current study was to determine the distribution of blood groups of ABO and Rh in Yefren City, Libya. The distribution of ABO and Rhesus blood groups showed that the O group was found to be the highest with a percent (45.06%), followed by the A group (31.27%), B (18.62%), and the least distribution was the AB group (5.05%). Furthermore, our results presented Rh donors: Rh positive was 80.46%, and Rh negative was 19.54%. This study probably provided information about the distribution of blood groups through the population in Yefren.