ملخص

الانتـولوجي لوصف المكونات الاساسية لمصادر المعلومات المختلفة، التي أصبحت القضية الاساسية لاسترجاع والوصول الذكي الي المعلومات، الانتولوجي كمواصفات واضحة تكون واسعة الاستخدام في العديد من التطبيقات، لدعم علم دلالات الالفاظ "سيمانتك" ولإعطاء نماذج غنية المعني من الواقع. مجال الانتولوجي كـ تطبيق ناشئ جديد يمتلك امكانيات كبيرة في اعطاء مواصفات واضحة لنموذج المعرفة.

 نظام تمثيل المعرفة الذي يعتمد على منطق الوصف يكون قادر علي انجاز أنواع مختلفة من التفكر ويركز عادتاً على طرق لإعطاء مستوي عالي من توصيف العالم الذي يمكن ان يستعمل بفاعليه لبناء تطبيقات ذكية.

تفكر الوصف المنطقي ينجز خدمات الاستدلال، كحساب استدلال الفصائل الام من الفصيل، تحديد  مكونات الفصيل من عدمه. معظم التقنيات المتاحة من التفكر الوصف المنطقي يكون RACER , FaCT, FaCT++, Pellet.

في هذه الورقة استعملنا مصطلح (منطق الوصف) كلغة شكلية لتمثيل المعرفة والتفكر حول مجال اهتمامنا  "مجال التمور".

Abstract

 Ontologies to describe the basic contents of different information sources has become the key issue to intelligent retrieval and access of information.

Ontologies, as an explicit specification, are widely used in many applications to support the semantics and to provide a richer model of reality. Domain Ontology as an emerging new discipline has a great potential in providing such explicit specification to knowledge model.

     A knowledge representation system based on Description Logic is able to perform specific kinds of reasoning and usually focused on methods for providing high-level descriptions of the world that can be effectively used to build intelligent applications.

A Description Logic reasoner performs various inferencing services, such as computing the inferred super classes of a class, determining whether or not a class is consistent. Some techniques of the popular Description Logic reasoners available are as RACER , FaCT, FaCT++, and Pellet.

  In this paper, we mainly use the term "description logic" (DL) as a formal language for the representation knowledge and reasoning about the domain of interest ' Tommor Domain '.

Key Words : Ontologies, knowledge model, description logic reasoners, inferencing services , intelligent applications , Tommor Domain

In recent years, higher education has witnessed a significant shift toward digital environments, with e-exams becoming an essential tool for academic assessment due to their speed, efficiency, and reduced administrative burdens. However, the adoption of e-exams in Libyan educational institutions, particularly at the Faculty of Science in Gharyan, still faces challenges stemming from technical, organizational, and human factors. This study aimed to explore the main challenges hindering the implementation of e-exams and analyze the potential role of blockchain technology in enhancing security and reliability. A descriptive methodology was employed, with data collected through a questionnaire distributed to faculty members. Results revealed that the most significant barriers included weak ICT infrastructure, a lack of administrative and technical support, and the absence of reliable and user-friendly e-exam systems. Additional challenges included unclear policies, a lack of awareness of the benefits of e-exams, and concerns about cheating and technical glitches. On the other hand, individual factors, such as resistance to change and the difficulty of designing e-exams, showed a relatively smaller impact. The findings highlight the need for stronger infrastructure, ongoing training, and clear institutional policies as prerequisites for the successful adoption of e-exams. Furthermore, the integration of blockchain technology offers a promising solution by ensuring consistent exam records, secure student identity verification, and transparent assessment processes. The study concludes that developing more reliable and effective e-assessment systems in Libya requires collaboration between technical and Libyan educational institutions, with blockchain technology considered a strategic option for enhancing trust and security in higher education.

This study presents a strategic synthetic approach to functionalize the traditionally unreactive C3 position of the benzothiophene core. A series of 3-chloro-N-(aryl)benzothiophene-2-carboxamides (2a–d) were synthesized in good to excellent yields (53–83%) via amidation of 3-chloro-2-chlorocarbonylbenzothiophene[b]thiophene (1).Subsequent oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid afforded the corresponding sulfone derivatives (3a–d), a transformation that reduced aromaticity and activated the C3 position. This activation enabled anucleophilic aromatic substitution, where chlorine in sulfone 3b was replaced by ethylamine, isopropylamine, and diethylamine, yielding novel 3-aminobenzothiophene-1,1-dioxides (4a–c) in moderate yields (50–64%). All new compounds were fully characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungal strains (Candida albicans, Crysosporium pannical, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae). While overall activities were slight to moderate compared with standard drugs, compounds 3a and 3b displayed a promising broad-spectrum profile. These findings establish an efficient and versatile methodology for accessing C3-functionalized benzothiophenes, providing a valuable foundation for the design of new lead structures against resistant microbes.

The approach to delivering education in Libya has undergone a significant transformation in recent years. Various tools now support the educational process, shifting it from rote learning to creativity, interaction, and skill development. This study aims to examine the feasibility of implementing e-learning in Libyan universities. A statistical analysis was conducted on approximately 400 samples to identify patterns. The findings highlight the importance of e-learning in enhancing the quality of education by outlining its benefits and limitations. Moreover, it was found that employees consider e-learning an effective alternative to traditional education. Despite this consensus, concerns remain regarding the availability of sufficient infrastructure. 

Abstract— In order to better control the 3-DOF helicopter model, this work is constructed to fulfill and satisfy high performance requirements while taking robustness, reference tracking, and actuator effort into consideration. As a result, the helicopter model dynamics were modeled and shown in a state-space for the first time utilizing the system identification technique. MATLAB was used to identify, design, and simulate the H∞ controller for the nonlinear system. This ideal controller, known as LQG (Linear Quadratic Gaussian), was created, modeled, and applied to the actual model for the nonlinear system using MATLAB. Both controllers' outcomes were displayed. An explanation of the fundamental distinctions between the H∞ controller and the LQG controller is also provided.

Keywords— H∞ controller, LQG controller, 3-DOF helicopter model, MATLAB/SIMULINK

Abstract:

The present study concentrated on samples of Libyan dates procured from the markets in Gharyan City. A series of qualitative analyses were conducted in order to assess the content of their active ingredient, with a particular focus on antioxidants. The qualitative identification of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and resins (utilised as tanning agents) was conducted utilising standard reagents such as Dragendorff's, Fehling's, and Benedict's, in conjunction with date extracts. The analyses confirmed the presence of all these compounds in the samples. Furthermore, quantitative assessments of the fundamental components of the date samples were conducted. The procedure entailed the quantification of fibre, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and ash content. Furthermore, the moisture content and the ratio of pits to fruit were evaluated in all samples. The assessment employed a kiln, a Kjeldahl apparatus, and other requisite equipment to determine the caloric values of each sample. The findings indicated variations in the fundamental components and energy content among the samples, likely attributable to various factors and conditions.

Keywords: Dates, antioxidants, free radicals, plant active ingredients