Abstract 

Dental caries is a widespread infectious disease influenced by bacterial activity, dietary factors, and host 

susceptibility. Community water fluoridation has been a key public health measure for caries prevention, 

particularly in children. The optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water (0.7 mg/L) balances caries 

reduction with minimal fluorosis risk. This study assessed fluoride levels in drinking water and their 

correlation with dental caries in primary school children in Gharyan, Libya. A cross-sectional study was 

conducted on 350 children (aged 7–10 years) from urban and rural schools in Gharyan. Water samples from 

five stores and one groundwater source were analyzed for fluoride concentration using an ion-selective 

electrode. Dental caries was assessed using the dmft/DMFT index. Fluoride levels in water stores were 

negligible (0.0–0.1 mg/L), while unfiltered groundwater exhibited high concentrations (6.0–7.0 mg/L), 

exceeding WHO guidelines (1.5 mg/L). The low fluoride availability in most drinking sources suggests 

limited caries-preventive effects from water fluoridation in this region. The study highlights insufficient 

fluoride exposure in Gharyan’s public water supply, potentially contributing to higher caries prevalence. 

Further research is needed to evaluate alternative fluoride delivery methods and assess groundwater safety 

to optimize oral health outcomes.

Keywords. Fluoride Concentration, Drinking Water, Dental Caries, Primary School.

Abstract. The cosmopolitan or banded garden spider, Argiope trifasciata (Forskål, 1775), the lobed spider, A. lobata (Pallas, 1772) and the MENA lobed spider, A. sector (Forsskål, 1776) are reported, figured and described for the first time in Gharyan city, northwestern of Libya, based on adult female specimens gathered from different plants:- amaranth, haloxylon, prickly saltwort, retama, safflower, vetches, across various sites in the city. Unpublished reports of Argiope species were recorded in 1934 along the Libyan coast.

This paper proposes a novel robust blind color image watermarking technique that combines entropy analysis, lifting wavelet transform (LWT), QR factorization, and discrete cosine transform (DCT) for copyright protection. The RGB components of the color image are first separated, and the R component is then subjected to the 2-level LWT. Following DCT is applied to the 2-level LWT's high-frequency sub-band, the DCT coefficients are separated into 4x4 non-overlapping blocks. Each chosen block is then subjected to QR factorization, and the watermark is embedded in the first row and first column element of the upper triangular matrix. Numerous simulated tests show that the presented scheme is highly imperceptible and robust to attacks. The presented watermarking scheme performs better than the others in terms of invisibility, according to comparisons with comparable schemes.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered the most widespread bacterial infections and among the most common nosocomial infections, second only to lower respiratory tract infections. The risk of developing a UTI increases with age, making UTIs among the most commonly diagnosed infections in elderly people, representing a significant public health problem. This study aimed to isolate and detect the microbial responsible for urinary tract infections in elderly individuals and determine their resistance patterns and sensitivity to antibiotics among Libyan patients in Tripoli city. The study was conducted simultaneously in Alsharik, Eltafoq, and Ibn Al Nafis laboratories in Tripoli, Libya, during July and August 2024. One hundred and one urine samples were collected from elderly participants suffering from UTI symptoms (38 males and 63 females), with ages ranging from 60 to 97 years. Isolation, biochemical identification, and antibiotic susceptibility analyses were performed. Thirteen antibiotics were testedin this study. Among the 101 isolated samples from elderly patients with suspected UTI, females had a higher prevalence of bacterial infections (62.4%) compared to males (37.6%). The highest number of infections was in the 60–69 years age group (45.4%). Gram-negative organisms accounted for 91.1% of isolates compared to Gram-positive organisms. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated (43.6%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.7%). Most isolates were resistant to Ampicillin (31.7%) and Amoxicillin (23.8%), followed by Tetracycline (10.9%). The Gram-positive organisms Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus were most susceptible to Amoxicillin, Amikacin, and Meropenem, with sensitivity rates of 75%, 66.7%, and50%, respectively. E. coli was more susceptible to Imipenem (25%), Amikacin (22.7%), and Nitrofurantoin (13.6%), whereas Amoxicillin and Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim showed lower efficacy. Gram-negative bacteria were the main cause of UTIs in the study population, mainly belonging to the E. coli and Klebsiella families. Age and gender were significant factors in determining UTI etiology, and considering these factors can improve the accuracy in identifying causative uropathogens and guide empirical treatment.Keywords:UTI, Antibiotic Resistance, Sensitivity Antibiotics, Uropathogenic E.Coli

In recent years, English language learners are becoming highly dependent on the 

use of their smart phones to find out meanings of the vocabulary they usually do 

not know. A study by Soy (2022) highlighted that English language teachers need 

to introduce the use of smartphones as a learning tool to their students and take 

serious actions by not allowing them to use them during classes or making good 

classroom management and strict regulation concerning smartphone use in the 

classroom. The researcher in this paper attempts to shed lights on research 

conducted in this field by exploring advantages and disadvantages of the use of 

smartphones by (EFL) English language learners. This paper aims to identify the 

effectiveness of smartphones in enhancing language acquisition among learners 

by synthesizing data from various studies. The data of this study included 

analyzing 47 articles published between (2014) and (2023). The topics of the 

articles predominately were about smartphones and English language learning. 

This simple paper offers valuable insights for educators and stockholders seeking 

to optimize smartphone use in language education.

Energy drinks are widely consumed by teenagers and young adults to enhance focus and energy.

However, excessive consumption may lead to negative health effects, especially when they contain

preservatives like sodium benzoate. In this study, the concentration of sodium benzoate was

determined in four imported energy drink samples available in Asb'ah markets. The analysis was

conducted using a UV spectrophotometric method, which proved to be both simple and accurate. The

concentration of sodium benzoate in the samples ranged from 1361 to 1424.55 mg/L. The results

indicated that all tested samples contained sodium benzoate levels within the upper safety limits

established by the FDA