This review aimed to investigate the effect of pH on morphology, and size of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) biosynthesized using extracts of various plant parts and agricultural waste. By reviewing previous studies, it was found that the formation of AuNPs was more rapid in neutral and basic mediums than in acidic mediums. Furthermore, most of those studies indicated that the smallest sizes of biosynthesized AuNPs, produced by plant extracts, were in neutral and alkaline mediums. Regarding the morphology, it was found that multiple shapes of the AuNPs were obtained in an acidic medium of the reaction, while there was typically a dominant shape of the AuNPs in the basic medium. In conclusion, significant quantities of AuNPs with appropriate sizes and morphology could be obtained by controlling the medium of the reaction when AuNPs are biosynthesized using extracts of plant parts and agricultural waste.

Clostridioides difficile is an important human pathogen causing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea worldwide. Besides using antibiotics for treatment, the interest in bacteriophages as an alternative therapeutic option has increased. Prophage abundance and genetic diversity are well-documented in clinical strains, but the carriage of prophages in environmental strains of C. difficile has not yet been explored. Thus, the prevalence and genetic diversity of integrated prophages in the genomes of 166 environmental C. difficile isolates were identified. In addition, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas systems were determined in the genomes of prophage regions. Predicted prophages and CRISPR-Cas systems were identified by using the PHASTER web server and CRISPRCasFinder, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships among predicated prophages were also constructed based on phage-related genes, terminase large (TerL) subunits and LysM. Among 372 intact prophages, the predominant prophages were phiCDHM1, phiCDHM19, phiMMP01, phiCD506, phiCD27, phiCD211, phiMMP03, and phiC2, followed by phiMMP02, phiCDKM9, phiCD6356, phiCDKM15, and phiCD505. Two newly discovered siphoviruses, phiSM101- and phivB_CpeS-CP51-like Clostridium phages, were identified in two C. difficile genomes. Most prophages were found in sequence types (STs) ST11, ST3, ST8, ST109, and ST2, followed by ST6, ST17, ST4, ST5, ST44, and ST58. An obvious correlation was found between prophage types and STs/ribotypes. Most predicated prophages carry CRISPR arrays. Some prophages carry several gene products, such as accessory gene regulator (Agr), putative spore protease, and abortive infection (Abi) systems. This study shows that prophage carriage, along with genetic diversity and their CRISPR arrays, may play a role in the biology, lifestyle, and fitness of their host strains.

This study delves into the evaluation of daily profits within the network of Sephora cosmetics branches, employing distributed systems, the K-means algorithm, and WEKA visualization techniques. The objective is to analyze the profitability patterns across Sephora branches and uncover underlying clusters to optimize strategic decision-making. The research methods encompassed the utilization of distributed systems to collect and integrate daily profit data from multiple Sephora branches. The K-means clustering algorithm was applied to segment the dataset, discerning distinct clusters based on profit margins and performance metrics. The WEKA visualization tool was instrumental in depicting these clusters in a comprehensive and interpretable manner, offering insights into profit distributions and potential areas for enhancement. This research revealed intricate profitability structures within the Sephora branch network. The application of the K-means algorithm, distinct clusters of branches with varying profitability profiles were identified. WEKA visualization facilitated the graphical representation of these clusters, elucidating the relationships between different branches based on daily profits. Such insights can aid decision-makers in strategizing resource allocation, marketing initiatives, and operational improvements tailored to each cluster's profitability dynamics. The amalgamation of distributed systems, K-means algorithm, and WEKA visualization offered a robust framework for assessing and optimizing the financial performance of  Sephora branches. This research contributes valuable insights into the evaluation of daily profits across  Sephora cosmetics branches, showcasing the potential of distributed systems and advanced analytical tools in understanding profitability patterns. The findings provide a foundation for strategic interventions aimed at enhancing profitability and operational efficiencies within the Sephora branch network.

Abstract:

The incessant use of mobile phones can be attributed to its portability and thus have become one of the most widely used devices in mobile communication which makes it so essential in our lives.

The convenience and portability of mobile phones has made it possible to be carried everywhere, e.g. Mosques, lecture halls, medical centers etc. Its convenience can create inconvenience in some places when there is continuous beeping or ringtones of mobile phones which becomes annoying when such noise is disruptive in areas where silence is required or the use or of mobile phone is restricted or prohibited like Libraries and Study rooms.

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