Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common infections that happen by many types of bacteria. Some of bacteria have resistance against several types of antibiotics. Many medicinal plants used as an alternative treatment around the world. Marrubium vulgare L has been reported to exhibit several biological properties. Thus, the aim of current study is estimating antimicrobial activities of M. vulgare against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, which caused urinary tract infections, isolated from infected patients. In the results, the growth of all tested bacteria was inhibited strongly by methanol extract at 1.0% (w/v) with inhibition zones 11.00, 11.00 and 15.50 mm against E. coli, k. pneumoniae and S. aureus respectively. Besides, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were ranged between 0.625 to 1.25 mg/mL. While, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values were ranging between 1.25 to 2.5 mg/mL. On the other hand, hexane extract also was inhibited the growth of E. coli, k. pneumoniae and S. aureus with inhibition zones 10.00, 11.00 and 12.50 mm respectively. In addition, MIC values ranging 2.5 mg/mL, while MBC values of 5 mg/mL against all bacteria.  In conclusion, the methanol extract of M. vulgare had a strongly effects on all bacteria compared to hexane extract, thus it can be developed as anti-bacterial agent.

The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak to be a global pandemic in March 2020, also the COVID-19 pandemic has caused drastic changes across the globe, affecting all areas of life. However, the pandemic cannot be ended overnight and more social distancing and other self-care measures are needed to protect our Libyan community. Therefore, people´s awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and appropriate behaviors are instrumental to containing the pandemic. This study aims to create a questionnaire to determine the Libyan society's environmental awareness of COVID-19

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The battle against COVID-19 does not always end when recovery is declared. Many individuals confirmed recovered from COVID-19 continue to experience a variety of symptoms. The aim of this study was to shed more light on COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 symptoms in Libya. Two hundred and twenty Libyan individuals (58% female; 42% male), who recovered from COVID‐19, were asked to answer a questionnaire that was performed to inquire about the presence of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 symptoms. Additionally, comorbidities and demographic data were included. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (20%), diabetes (16%), and lung disease (08%). The main COVID-19 symptoms were headache (56%), anosmia and ageusia (52%), Arthralgia (48%), cough (46%) and fever (41%). While the post-COVID-19 symptoms were fatigue (64%), sleep disorders (52%), insomnia, anxiety, depression (42%), and anosmia and ageusia (32%). Persistent COVID and its related long-term complications may continue to affect patients and their families.

ABSTRACT Background. Hydrocephalus is a prevalent condition in children, affecting both developed and developing countries. Neurosurgical interventions such as ventriculoperitoneal shunts are common, but are associated with a high risk of complications, including infections, which can lead to additional issues and costs. This study aims to review the incidence of infection in pediatric patients before and after ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, in order to address this issue. Methods. A standard process of analyzing scientific questions using the Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcome (PICO) method was used to develop a protocol for searching research articles in online databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, POPLINE, and Sciencedirect. The articles selected for inclusion in this study met the following criteria: 1) described interventional ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in pediatrics, 2) focused on cases of ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications with a focus on infection, 3) were published within the last 10 years, and 4) were published in English-language journals with peer review standards. Results. Sixteen articles were identified for review. Seven of these articles mentioned surgical or mechanical interventions as a means of preventing infections, while six articles discussed medical treatment for infection prevention. Three articles described the microorganisms found in cerebrospinal fluid. Conclusion. Future studies should focus on the issues related to ventriculoperitoneal shunt complications and interventions related to immunological, neuroendocrine, and biophysical factors to prevent infections, as well as surgical management and medication administration. Keywords: infection, pediatrics, ventriculoperitoneal, shunt, cerebrospinal fluid