1. Abstract: Albumin is the main protein found in the blood, and is the most abundant protein. It is manufactured in the liver and is a major factor in preventing blood fluids from leaking from the blood vessels to the body's tissues, as well as a link to vital compounds in the bloodstream and transporting them to the body's organs. However, a deficiency in the level of albumin in the bloodstream leads to increased permeability of the blood vessels, which leads to inflammation in the body and chronic liver disease or chronic kidney failure and some other diseases, and results in symptoms, the most important of which are swelling in the feet and face. This study was conducted to compare the deficiency of protein albumin in the blood by conducting a serum albumin analysis at Gharyan Central Hospital. This study included 90 cases divided into 30 cases with kidney failure, 30 cases with diabetes, and 30 healthy cases (control group), with ages ranging from 18 years to 80 years in the period from 3/2/2020 to 12/1/2021. The results obtained were compared using statistical methods, which showed through P-values that there is a weak direct relationship between age and albumin levels in people with kidney failure and healthy people (albumin levels increase with age), and also a weak inverse relationship between age and albumin levels in diabetes (albumin levels decrease with age). The results also showed significant differences, meaning that there is a difference between the average albumin levels in the three groups (kidney failure, diabetes, healthy people) by comparing the results obtained with the reference values, as it was found that the albumin levels in kidney failure were all at the reference value, while in diabetic patients and the healthy group, most of the readings were at the reference value for albumin.

Abstract:- This paper introduces a technique for modeling and effectively controlling the trajectory tracking of a robotic manipulator through an LQG controller optimized by the IPSO algorithm. Extensive simulations have been conducted within the MATLAB simulation environment. The LQG, which combines a Kalman Filter (KF) and a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), is developed to follow the desired input for the robotic manipulator while minimizing the impact of process and measurement noise on its performance. The parameters of the LQG controller, which include the elements of the state and control weighting matrices for the LQR and KF, are optimally adjusted using the IPSO method. The validation of the proposed hybrid LQG-IPSO controller is conducted based on the control criteria parameters. The findings demonstrate that the proposed hybrid LQGIPSO controller can achieve excellent movement performance. To fully leverage the capabilities of the IPSO algorithm, careful adjustment and determination of IPSO parameters such as inertia weight, iteration count, acceleration constants, and particle quantity are essential. Therefore, The initial focus of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of various fitness functions; simulation results indicate that the proposed hybrid LQGIPSO control method achieves commendable fitness outcomes with minimal steady-state error (ess). Following this, a comparison of the performances of a robotic manipulator using the hybrid LQG-IPSO controller, hybrid LQR-IPSO controller, LQG controller, and LQR controller is also presented. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that superior performance parameters are attained with the hybrid LQG-IPSO controller when compared to its counterparts—the hybrid LQR-IPSO controller, LQG controller, and LQR controller—offering enhanced performance.

Keyw Keywords: Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller, Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and MATLAB etc

This research deals with estimating the likely switch of car ownership drivers and private transport vehicles modes

users to public transportation system (PT) modes in the main cities as Tripoli Capital city of Libya due to reduced

shopping travel time of all trips influenced by age, household size. Car ownership and shopping distance through

the introducing the public transport modes such as public buses. The data on other factors (variables) that could

potentially reason a model switch of from car ownership drivers and private transport vehicles modes users to

public transport were collected through a survey (questionnaire) with a specified predilection method. Modeswitch models to describe the switch of conduct of own car operators to PT system are developed. A binary

logistic regression model was used to assessment the transport displacement model for shopping trips. Probability

curves have been developed to change the position so that it is a user-friendly tool for analysing the potential

transformation Model of a variety of variables. One way to achieve this objective is by establishing reserved

public transportation lanes on main urban Tripoli city roads. The providing of private road lanes will increase of

service road level and reduce the level of road traffic congestion and this may effect in a switch of all or some

private transport mode users to public transport modes.

Key words: Own car, Public transport modes, logit model, shopping Travel time, shopping distance, age, car

ownership and switch probabilities, likelihood..

In the era of digital communication, Facebook has emerged as a powerful platform influencing language use, particularly among university students. This study investigates the phenomenon of "Facebook English," a distinctive digital variety marked by informal grammar, abbreviations, emoticons, and creative lexical formations. Focusing on Libyan English department students, the research explores the relationship between Facebook usage and its impact on academic writing, grammatical accuracy, and perceptions of language formality. Using a quantitative methods approach that includes surveys and statistical analysis, the findings reveal no significant correlation between Facebook use and academic English performance. However, gender and age differences were observed in the use and perception of Facebook English. The study emphasizes the need for language educators to integrate digital literacy and critical language awareness into curricula, enabling students to navigate both informal and academic registers effectively. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of computer-mediated communication and its pedagogical implications in EFL contexts. Keywords: Facebook English, Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), Sociolinguistics, Libyan University Students, Digital Literacy, Language Variation, Academic Writing, Informal Registers, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), Social Media Linguistics

This study investigates whether internal auditors in Libyan oil companies possess the necessary competence and capabilities in the security of electronic accounting information systems within an era of transition from manual auditing to electronic accounting information system auditing. The study also examines the issue of whether internal auditors implement sufficient safeguards to address the risks associated with electronic accounting information systems. A questionnaire survey adopted for data collection revealed that: internal auditors in the sampled companies possess a high level of competence and efficiency in electronic accounting information system security; and that they also follow all protective measures to counter the risks of electronic accounting information systems. However, descriptive statistics show that the mean scores of participants' responses regarding the competence and efficiency of internal auditors in electronic accounting information system security were lower than the overall mean of the axis. This could be seen as a deficiency on the part of internal auditors in reviewing risks related to electronic accounting information systems, monitoring management's implementation of regular maintenance of electronic systems, ensuring the existence of sufficient protection programs to scan electronic programs or magnetic disks, implementing procedures to limit risks arising from electronic equipment damage, and periodically evaluating information security applications within the company. Descriptive statistics also indicate that the average scores of participants' responses regarding internal auditors' adherence to all protective measures to counter the risks of electronic accounting information systems were lower than the overall mean of the axis. This could be seen as a deficiency on the part of internal auditors in monitoring IT staff in implementing required security measures, participating in updating security methods according to changes in the evolving IT environment, participating in developing specific security policies such as selecting the appropriate technology and its effectiveness, participating in developing and formulating a strategy for developing the security of electronic accounting information systems, and contributing to the detection of security breaches through reports and describing the type of breach

We present a solution method for a general Riccati differential equation by imposing relationships between

the coefficients of the Riccati differential equation and explaining them through proofs and examples, we can find the

general solution to the various forms of Riccati's equation by integration directly after transforming it into a separable

differential equation.