ملخص

الانتـولوجي لوصف المكونات الاساسية لمصادر المعلومات المختلفة، التي أصبحت القضية الاساسية لاسترجاع والوصول الذكي الي المعلومات، الانتولوجي كمواصفات واضحة تكون واسعة الاستخدام في العديد من التطبيقات، لدعم علم دلالات الالفاظ "سيمانتك" ولإعطاء نماذج غنية المعني من الواقع. مجال الانتولوجي كـ تطبيق ناشئ جديد يمتلك امكانيات كبيرة في اعطاء مواصفات واضحة لنموذج المعرفة.

 نظام تمثيل المعرفة الذي يعتمد على منطق الوصف يكون قادر علي انجاز أنواع مختلفة من التفكر ويركز عادتاً على طرق لإعطاء مستوي عالي من توصيف العالم الذي يمكن ان يستعمل بفاعليه لبناء تطبيقات ذكية.

تفكر الوصف المنطقي ينجز خدمات الاستدلال، كحساب استدلال الفصائل الام من الفصيل، تحديد  مكونات الفصيل من عدمه. معظم التقنيات المتاحة من التفكر الوصف المنطقي يكون RACER , FaCT, FaCT++, Pellet.

في هذه الورقة استعملنا مصطلح (منطق الوصف) كلغة شكلية لتمثيل المعرفة والتفكر حول مجال اهتمامنا  "مجال التمور".

Abstract

 Ontologies to describe the basic contents of different information sources has become the key issue to intelligent retrieval and access of information.

Ontologies, as an explicit specification, are widely used in many applications to support the semantics and to provide a richer model of reality. Domain Ontology as an emerging new discipline has a great potential in providing such explicit specification to knowledge model.

     A knowledge representation system based on Description Logic is able to perform specific kinds of reasoning and usually focused on methods for providing high-level descriptions of the world that can be effectively used to build intelligent applications.

A Description Logic reasoner performs various inferencing services, such as computing the inferred super classes of a class, determining whether or not a class is consistent. Some techniques of the popular Description Logic reasoners available are as RACER , FaCT, FaCT++, and Pellet.

  In this paper, we mainly use the term "description logic" (DL) as a formal language for the representation knowledge and reasoning about the domain of interest ' Tommor Domain '.

Key Words : Ontologies, knowledge model, description logic reasoners, inferencing services , intelligent applications , Tommor Domain

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is a major global issue that has been connected to a number of systemic issues, necessitating multidisciplinary investigation. Examining dental degradation in conjunction with Helicobacter pylori infection provides a unique perspective on gut and oral health in Tripoli, Libya. Previously linked to peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis, H. pylori has recently been linked to tooth health. This change in viewpoint is crucial because there was no discernible link between the infection and chronic illnesses like diabetes, hypertension, or even smoking, indicating the necessity for measures to raise awareness of good oral hygiene among afflicted individuals. The prevalence of H. pylori was clearly linked to declining dental health when examining Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) scores; this relationship was particularly evident in older participants and those with poor oral hygiene. METHODS AND MATERIALS: a cross-sectional design was used, 135 randomly selected participants to ensure that our sample was representative of the local community. Following a thorough review of each patient's medical history, which included chronic conditions, socioeconomic status, and dental hygiene practices, a dentist qualified to perform this type of evaluation examined each patient for evidence of decay using well-known metrics such as the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) score. Based on previous research, serological tests (detection of H. pylori antibodies) were performed to determine the presence of H. pylori in order to minimize discomfort and avoid the bias that occasionally arises with more intrusive gut collection methods. THE AIM: of this study is to provide a significant contribution to the present literature with genuine potential to influence public health policies and dental care programs targeted at reducing health inequities in the region, provided that the study is carefully planned and some innovative data management is done. RESULTS: This result essentially shows that additional interdisciplinary research is required to adequately map out the cause-and-effect relationship between H. pylori and dental caries. Curiously, it also supports previous research that suggested this bacterium might contribute to oral disorders, supporting the notion that a comprehensive, multimodal strategy is required to address oral and general health concerns. By lowering the rate of dental decay, local, community-driven initiatives to enhance oral hygiene may hold the key to minimizing the effects of H. pylori. The study emphasizes that reducing the disparities in oral health observed in Tripoli may depend on making dental treatment more accessible, particularly for those from lower-income backgrounds. Conclusion: An infection with Helicobacter pylori is substantially linked to a higher prevalence of dental caries. Both dental decay and H. pylori infection are significantly influenced by age, with poorer oral health being seen in older people. Infrequent dental checkups and poor oral hygiene are two factors that raise the DMFT index. People with diabetes, high blood pressure, and acidity have far worse tooth health. Dental caries is significantly influenced by economic level, with slightly worse outcomes for those with greater incomes. The DMFT score and H. pylori prevalence do not seem to be significantly impacted by smoking or gender. This study confirms our presumptions between H. pylori and dental cavities while highlighting the critical necessity for integrated healthcare systems. Keywords: Dental Caries, Helicobacter Pylori, Gastritis, Tripoli, Libya.

Abstract

This paper attempted to conduct a critical analysis of Donald Trump’s inauguration speech in 2025. The speech was analysed through Van Dijk’s socio-cognitive approach. Three levels of analysis were employed: textual, cognitive, and social. The findings revealed that Trump employed several rhetorical appeals, including logos and pathos. Additionally, various rhetorical devices such as hyperbole, metaphors, and parallel structures were utilised to reinforce his ideas. The analysis also revealed underlying ideologies within the speech, including nationalism, inequality, and protectionism. Trump depicted Americans as law-abiding citizens, while he portrayed immigrants as criminals posing a serious threat to America. Furthermore, Trump effectively employed linguistic tools and rhetorical devices to characterise Biden’s administration as weak and incompetent in managing social and economic issues, while presenting himself as a redeemer of America.