Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide contagious disease of humans and other warm-blooded animals, including birds. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for Toxoplasmosis disease, which is clinically manifested chiefly in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. Clinical complications include abortion and stillbirths, encephalitis, pneumonia, brain and eye damage, and neonatal mortality. The genus Toxoplasma was first proposed in 1908 by Nicolle and Manceaux following the identification of asexual stages of similar parasites in the tissues of birds and mammals, and merozoites in the blood of North African rodents, Ctenodactylus gundi. At about the same time, Splendore independently described Toxoplasma in laboratory rabbits in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Darling probably found it in man in Panama in the same year. Although several species were named, during the 1930s, it was shown that these were identical to the type species T. gondii. During the 1960, scientists provided evidence for the coccidian nature of the parasite. Then, between 1960 and 1970, the heterogeneous life cycle was elucidated by the discovery of sexual stages in the small intestine of cats, which followed the induction of infection in intermediate hosts by inoculation with cat feces. This review seeks to study the parasite and its responsibility to cause disease, condition prevalence, clinical manifestations accompanied by infection, and treatment protocols.

The present research examines the effect of nuclear energy consumption, financial globalization, nuclear energy technology research and development (R&D) budget on the environmental quality in the context of France. The load capacity factor (LCF) is employed as a novel proxy for environmental sustainability, explaining how human actions affect environmental sustainability and how nature compensates human induced damage. Using the novel approach of Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag, the findings of this study show that: (i) the load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis is valid (ii) Nuclear energy consumption and nuclear energy technology R&D promote the environmental quality by increasing LCF. (iii) The financial globalization (overall, de jure, and de facto) has a positive influence on LCF, suggesting the positive role of financial globalization in boosting environmental sustainability in France. This study presents vital policy implications that can assist policymakers in France in achieving their environmental sustainability objectives.

Medical education is being reshaped by two major technological disruptions: the rapid expansion of online learning since the COVID-19 pandemic and the equally rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in teaching, assessment, and clinical training. These developments are often treated as distinct phases of change. In reality, they are part of the same broader challenge: educational institutions have repeatedly adopted new technologies faster than they have developed the pedagogic, ethical, and regulatory frameworks needed to use them well. 1-3

Abstract Understanding the distribution of ABO and Rh blood types in a population helps genetic research and studies on disease susceptibility associated with blood types. It also helps blood banks efficiently manage donor blood supplies, providing the availability of compatible blood types for transfusions and emergencies. This study was conducted to analyze the distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood groups in Gharyan city, Libya. The statistics suggest that Blood group O (48.73%) is the most frequent, followed by A (36.36%), B (11.61%), and AB (3.28%). A lesser number of the population is Rh-D negative (20.20%), while the majority is Rh-D positive (79.79%). These results could help blood banks manage blood transfusion programs in handling local blood transfusion services. Keywords. ABO Blood Groups, Rh-d Factor, Blood Group Distribution, Gharyan, Libya.

This study investigated the challenges encountered by English majors at the University of Gharyan when dealing with metaphorical expressions. Such expressions are often embedded within culture-bound concepts, providing nuanced meanings specific to particular linguistic communities. Consequently, the research aimed to identify the strategies employed by Libyan students in translating metaphors from English into Arabic. This was achieved by using a translation test comprising fifteen (15) purposively selected metaphors. The test was given to a sample of forty (40) fourth-year students at the Department of English language, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mazda. The subsequent, data analysis followed a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative statistical measures(percentage and frequencies) with a qualitative linguistic analysis based on Newmark's (1988) theoretical framework for metaphor translation. The findings reveal that while students perform well when translating culturally familiar metaphors or those with direct equivalents, significant difficulties arise with abstract and culture-bound expressions. The study concludes that transitional failures are primarily driven by a lack of cultural competence and an over-reliance on semantic fidelity at the expense of communicative resonance. Based on these results, it is recommended that explicit metaphor translation strategies and comparative cultural studies be integrated into the EFL curriculum to bridge the gap between linguistic proficiency and metaphorical competence. Furthermore, the study advocates for enhanced translation training through specialized sessions design to foster a more conducive learning environment.

Keywords: Translation, Metaphor EFL learners, Newmark model, Cultural Competence.