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AbstractIn recent years, we have observed a widespread deficiency in essential nutrients, most notably vitamin D, B12, and calcium, across all age groups. This has led to an increase in chronic diseases and mortality rates among adults. Consequently, we have investigated the causes of these deficiencies and sought to develop preventative, therapeutic, and awareness-raising strategies to mitigate this phenomenon and reduce the prevalence of these nutrient deficiencies among adults. The results showed that vitamin D deficiency was the most common (~58.1%) in both sexes, specifically (56.25 %) in males and (59.26%) in females. This was followed by calcium deficiency (48.96%) in males and (54.81%) in females, and vitamin B12 deficiency (16.5%) in males and (11.01%) in females. This study involved collecting random samples of vitamin D, B12, and calcium test results from routine health records of medical laboratories in Gharyan and its suburbs for 704 adults aged between 40 and 80 years, and estimating the prevalence of these vitamin deficiencies. A general paper questionnaire was administered to 100 adults to identify their financial and social status, the most common chronic diseases they suffer from, the types of vitamins they are deficient in, and the methods used to treat this deficiency, 55% of participants reported using dietary supplements. Then we selected 7 adults who had a severe vitamin deficiency under study, and we carried out therapeutic and nutritional interventions and introduced a separate dietary regimen consisting of dried figs and olive oil. These cases were followed up for a period of 3 to 4 months, and the rate of increase in these vitamins and the percentage of all cases were recorded. We found that the greatest improvement was observed in the case that relied on the use of dried figs and olive oil. The results showed a significant increase in both vitamin D and B12 levels. We also noted that the elevated iron stores (ferritin) in the blood results were associated with increased vitamin D levels. In addition, most cases that relied on supplements, injections, or tablets showed a significant increase in vitamin D levels.

ABSTRACT

Background: The seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection were examined among high-risk groups in

Gharyan, Libya—a semi-arid region with limited prior data. Aim: Given the severe health risks of toxoplasmosis in

immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women, and the scarcity of studies from western Libya, this research aimed to

address a key knowledge gap while comparing results with those from humid coastal cities.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023, involving 45 blood donors, 40

hemodialysis patients, and 146 pregnant women. A validated questionnaire was administered, and an

electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) was used to detect anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG/IgM antibodies.

Results: Results revealed an overall higher seroprevalence among hemodialysis patients (40.0%), followed by pregnant women

(24.7%), and then blood donors (15.6%). Active (IgM+) infections were rare. Significant risk factors among pregnant women

included consumption of unwashed vegetables, undercooked meat, cat ownership, and rural residence (Adjusted Odds Ratio

aOR=3.42, aOR=3.15, aOR=2.87, aOR=2.05, respectively). No statistically significant difference in seroprevalence was

observed among pregnant women between 2022 (26.2%) and 2023 (23.5%) (P = 0.68).

Conclusion: A lower seroprevalence was observed in Gharyan municipality compared to coastal Libyan cities, indicating the

influence of the dry climate. The study recommends routine first-trimester screening for pregnant women (especially aged 25–

30 years), mandatory pre-dialysis testing for hemodialysis patients, and targeted food safety education focusing on vegetable

washing and thorough meat cooking.

Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii, Seroprevalence, , Pregnant Women, Blood Donors s

This paper analyzes a power system of three regions, each independently responsible for meeting its daily load demands. The regions are interconnected via transmission tie lines, allowing maximum power capacity (MW) transfer in both directions. This study investigates the operation of the power system under different load conditions and examines the possible effects of power transfer limits on the reliability and efficiency of electricity supply across the regions. The research evaluates the optimal operation of generation units within each region while considering the constraints imposed by the transmission tie lines. It indicates that increasing the capacity of transmission tie lines would greatly improve power transfer between regions. Our findings discover that strategic coordination between the regions significantly enhances the system efficiency, reduces generation costs, and minimizes the risk of load shedding during periods of high demand. Additionally, the paper analyzes the effects of different load demands and transmission capacities on system performance, highlighting the advantages of regional interconnections in enhancing energy resilience. The research also investigates the optimal unit commitment for the total load for the same daily load curve by using the quad program. Quadratic Programming allows a full quadratic cost function for each variable together with linear equality and inequality constraints, as well as lower and upper bound limits on the variables.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of load expansion planning through the integration of photovoltaic systems at the Bir Alganame 220/30 kV substation. An electrical planning system serves as a crucial tool for designing electrical systems that effectively meet evolving energy demands. The study investigates the impact of load expansion on hybrid photovoltaic system design, focusing on system reliability and total project cost as primary design objectives. The research methodology encompasses a detailed load flow study conducted in 2024, coupled with load forecasting for 5 and 10-year horizons at an 8% load increase rate. The investigation includes analyzing the optimal parameters of the PV system integration with the existing grid to ensure proper functionality. Additionally, the study addresses the probabilistic scenario set of load demand and natural characteristics of renewable energy, which is crucial for power system planning studies. The research emphasizes the importance of proper transmission system network development to reliably and securely evacuate the generated power to meet future domestic load demand. Through simulation and analysis, this study demonstrates an integrated approach to improving power system performance while considering geographical and environmental factors affecting PV output. The findings provide valuable insights into optimal electrical network planning procedures, incorporating both long and short-term perspectives through PV system integration.