Biosynthesis techniques have a number of advantages over other methods for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which provide a wide range of applications. The present work highlights the biosynthesis of AgNPs by mixing pear leaf aqueous extract with silver nitrate, and the formation of AgNPs was observed by the change of mixture color from yellow to dark brown and visible spectrophotometry. Moreover, the effect of pH, reaction time, AgNO3 concentration, extract volume and temperature on the suggested approach was also studied. The results showed that pear leaf aqueous extract is an excellent material for the biosynthesis of AgNPs, and by controlling the mentioned parameters that influence synthesis, a large number of AgNPs with small sizes may be produced.

Biosynthesis techniques have a number of advantages over other methods for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which provide a wide range of applications. The present work highlights the biosynthesis of AgNPs by mixing pear leaf aqueous extract with silver nitrate, and the formation of AgNPs was observed by the change of mixture color from yellow to dark brown and visible spectrophotometry. Moreover, the effect of pH, reaction time, AgNO3 concentration, extract volume and temperature on the suggested approach was also studied. The results showed that pear leaf aqueous extract is an excellent material for the biosynthesis of AgNPs, and by controlling the mentioned parameters that influence synthesis, a large number of AgNPs with small sizes may be produced. Keywords: silver nitrate, silver nanoparticles, pear leaves, biosynthesis 

This study reports a rapid and eco-friendly green method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate solution using winter jasmine leaves extract as a reducing agent of Ag+ to Ag0. A visible Absorption Spectrophotometer was used to monitor the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The visible spectrum showed an absorption peak at 420 nm which reflects the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of AgNPs. In addition to that, the synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by the color change of the solution. By studying the most important factors affecting the formation of AgNPs, it was noted that the productivity of AgNPs in the solution increased by increasing the pH of the solution, and the basic medium was the appropriate medium for the synthesis process. Also, the amount of produced AgNPs increased with the increase in temperature, volume of extract, reaction time, the extract volume ratio of the winter jasmine leaves, and silver nitrate concentration. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of winter jasmine leaves represents a suitable material for the biosynthesis of AgNPs, and large amounts of AgNPs with appropriate sizes may be obtained by controlling the parameters that affect the synthesis process.

نظام إشارات المرور هو أداة تنظم المركبات ذات العجلات من أجل العمل بانتظام. نظام إشارات المرور العادية الحالي ليس كافيًا للتحكم في الازدحام المروري بسبب أنه يعمل وفقًا لخطة زمنية محددة الوقت. ومع ذلك، فقد أصبح الازدحام المروري يمثل مشكلة كبيرة لمعظم البشر نظرًا لأنه يزيد من الضوضاء وتلوث الهواء وضياع الوقت .ومن ثم، فإن نظام إشارات المرور العادية لم يعد لديه القدرة على التعامل مع الازدحام الهائل، ويجب إيجاد حلول حول كيفية تنظيم المسار الذي يجب أن يسير أو يتوقف من أجل القضاء على ازدحام التقاطع بين المركبات.لذلك، تم تصميم نظام إشارات المرور الذكي المعتمد على تقنيات التعلم الآلي واكتشاف عدد المركبات تلقائيًا في كل حارة وضبط وقت الإشارة الخضراء على النحو الأمثل لتجنب وقت الانتظار الهائل والازدحام الواضح أيضًا بمعدل أسرع.أخيرًا، تم استخدام فيجول استديو و البايثون للمحاكاة, و خوارزمية (Branch and Bound) لتحديد أي منها يجب تشغيل الإشارة أو إيقاف تشغيلها، لأنه يتميز بخاصية إيجاد حل بين مجموعة من الحلول، ويتم تطبيق خوارزمية (greedy) لتحديد وقت الانتظار لكل مسار.

This paper addresses a bi-criteria optimization problem to minimize total flow time and makespan simultaneously for a cellular flowshop with Sequence Dependent Setup Times (FMCSP with SDSTs); A multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) and a Multi-objective Simulated Annealing (MOSA) Algorithm are proposed to solve the proposed problem. furthermore, an improved algorithm (named as IMPSO-TA), where MPSO is combined with Threshold Acceptance (TA) algorithm to improve the convergence of the obtained Pareto Fronts. The proposed algorithms are evaluated using several Quality Indicators (QI) measures for multi-objective optimization problems. Results showed that proposed algorithms can generate approximated Pareto Fronts in a reasonable CPU time. Furthermore, quality of Pareto fronts generated by IMPSO-TA is better than Pareto fronts found by MPSO and MOSA based on the test problems that are used in this research at the cost of CPU time. Further, the proposed IMPSO-TA performs as best available algorithms in the literature for small and medium test problems with a very minor deviation for best results for large test problems.

Engineering education has a crucial role in the economic and social development of society; this paper aims to investigate the most significant factors that contributing in improving the quality of the engineering education. Furthermore, identify the factors affecting the students’ academic performance. The study was conducted by using statistical Design of Experiments (DOE) approach to investigate the main effects of lecture delivery, assessment, engagement, communication, and interaction with instructors. Minitab software is implemented to perform statistical analysis to identify the significance of each factor, and degree by which each factor influences the students’ academic achievement. Results showed that the students’ academic performance is affected by the availability of course materials, and communications with instructors.

Using Hyland’s (2000) model as a research tool and drawing on Hyland’s (2005a) model of metadiscourse, this article presents a pragmatic two-level rhetorical analysis of the constituent moves within research article abstracts. It specifically zeroes in on the identification and mapping of the most frequently used metadiscourse markers signifying these moves. The findings highlight that Libyan authors employ interactive markers more often than interactional ones. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis of metadiscourse indicate that transitions, endophoric markers, and frame markers emerge as the dominant interactive categories. In contrast, interactional metadiscourse is predominantly represented by attitude markers, hedges, and boosters. Based on the findings, Move 1 features the highest frequency of metadiscourse markers, followed by Move 2. Notably, transitions stand out as the most prevalent category across all moves. This study carries pedagogical implications for academic writing practices among Libyan academic writers and students alike. Moreover, it enhances the existing body of research on the genre of research articles.

FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL HUMERUS: MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION (GENERAL OVERVIEW)

Abstract:

Fractures of the proximal humerus are a common phenomenon, while low-energy injuries occur in the elderly, and less frequent fractures with higher energy affect young people. The decision to perform surgical or nonsurgical treatment is determined by the functional goals and the degree of displacement of the proximal anatomical parts of the humerus. Surgical treatment is based on the ability to achieve and maintain the reduction, the vascularity of the articular segment, the quality of attachment of soft tissues and bone porosity. Despite numerous studies, the optimal treatment of significantly displaced fractures remains controversial. Keywords: fracture, humerus, fracture treatment.