Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) is essential for guiding appropriate antibiotic therapy. The disk diffusion method is widely used in Libya due to its low cost, yet deviations from standardized protocols can compromise result accuracy, affecting clinical decisions and patient outcomes. This study evaluated the performance of the disk diffusion AST method in medical laboratories in Gharyan, Libya, using EUCAST guidelines (version 12.0) as a benchmark. Seventy-five AST plates representing 122 clinical specimens were randomly collected from three pathology centers between September and November 2025. Plates were analyzed for the type of culture media, number of specimens per plate, number of antibiotic disks, and readability of results. All plates were 90 mm in diameter. Nutrient agar was used for 118 specimens, and blood agar for two; none used Mueller-Hinton agar as recommended. Only 17% of plates tested a single specimen per plate; the majority tested one specimen on half or a quarter of a plate. The number of antibiotic disks per specimen often exceeded EUCAST limits (up to 20 disks per plate), and only 8% of plates yielded readable results. Widespread deviations from EUCAST protocols—including inappropriate media, specimen overloading, and excessive disks—compromise AST reliability. These errors may lead to incorrect antibiotic prescriptions, delayed recovery, and increased antimicrobial resistance. Strict adherence to standardized guidelines is urgently required to ensure accurate, clinically meaningful AST results. Moreover, raising awareness of the importance of following standard guidelines is crucial for correcting the course

This study examines Basma Abdel Aziz’s The Queue (2016) and Here Is a Body (2021) with particular attention to dystopia. It argues that Abdel Aziz draws on dystopia as a germane genre to confront existing socio-political upheaval in some Middle Eastern and North African countries, against the background of the Arab Spring. Equally important, she assigns a provocative fate to the protagonists in each novel to express disappointment with recent events while simultaneously impacting the reading experiences with the intervention of a broad range of emotions. The study concludes that Abdel Aziz encapsulates dystopia to engage with existing circumstances rather than imagining a dark futuristic scenario that would be worse than the present. In doing so, she conveys a poetic ray of hope by constructing a possibility for a better future through a dystopian lens. Thus, her dystopian account is not anti-utopia, but rather, it is a call for utopia.

Abstract

This paper attempted to conduct a critical analysis of Donald Trump’s inauguration speech in 2025. The speech was analysed through Van Dijk’s socio-cognitive approach. Three levels of analysis were employed: textual, cognitive, and social. The findings revealed that Trump employed several rhetorical appeals, including logos and pathos. Additionally, various rhetorical devices such as hyperbole, metaphors, and parallel structures were utilised to reinforce his ideas. The analysis also revealed underlying ideologies within the speech, including nationalism, inequality, and protectionism. Trump depicted Americans as law-abiding citizens, while he portrayed immigrants as criminals posing a serious threat to America. Furthermore, Trump effectively employed linguistic tools and rhetorical devices to characterise Biden’s administration as weak and incompetent in managing social and economic issues, while presenting himself as a redeemer of America.

ملخص

الانتـولوجي لوصف المكونات الاساسية لمصادر المعلومات المختلفة، التي أصبحت القضية الاساسية لاسترجاع والوصول الذكي الي المعلومات، الانتولوجي كمواصفات واضحة تكون واسعة الاستخدام في العديد من التطبيقات، لدعم علم دلالات الالفاظ "سيمانتك" ولإعطاء نماذج غنية المعني من الواقع. مجال الانتولوجي كـ تطبيق ناشئ جديد يمتلك امكانيات كبيرة في اعطاء مواصفات واضحة لنموذج المعرفة.

 نظام تمثيل المعرفة الذي يعتمد على منطق الوصف يكون قادر علي انجاز أنواع مختلفة من التفكر ويركز عادتاً على طرق لإعطاء مستوي عالي من توصيف العالم الذي يمكن ان يستعمل بفاعليه لبناء تطبيقات ذكية.

تفكر الوصف المنطقي ينجز خدمات الاستدلال، كحساب استدلال الفصائل الام من الفصيل، تحديد  مكونات الفصيل من عدمه. معظم التقنيات المتاحة من التفكر الوصف المنطقي يكون RACER , FaCT, FaCT++, Pellet.

في هذه الورقة استعملنا مصطلح (منطق الوصف) كلغة شكلية لتمثيل المعرفة والتفكر حول مجال اهتمامنا  "مجال التمور".

Abstract

 Ontologies to describe the basic contents of different information sources has become the key issue to intelligent retrieval and access of information.

Ontologies, as an explicit specification, are widely used in many applications to support the semantics and to provide a richer model of reality. Domain Ontology as an emerging new discipline has a great potential in providing such explicit specification to knowledge model.

     A knowledge representation system based on Description Logic is able to perform specific kinds of reasoning and usually focused on methods for providing high-level descriptions of the world that can be effectively used to build intelligent applications.

A Description Logic reasoner performs various inferencing services, such as computing the inferred super classes of a class, determining whether or not a class is consistent. Some techniques of the popular Description Logic reasoners available are as RACER , FaCT, FaCT++, and Pellet.

  In this paper, we mainly use the term "description logic" (DL) as a formal language for the representation knowledge and reasoning about the domain of interest ' Tommor Domain '.

Key Words : Ontologies, knowledge model, description logic reasoners, inferencing services , intelligent applications , Tommor Domain