Spiders are widespread, abundant predators, making them familiar and readily accessible to people everywhere. Despite having venom glands, most spiders bite humans in some situations, only when they are annoyed, trapped or injured. Studies on spider bites in Libya are limited, neglected, and affected by misdiagnosis and underreporting. The study aimed to interpret, analyze, and characterize the clinical characteristics of spider bite patients and their variations at Tripoli Medical Center (TMC), Tripoli, Libya, between 2004 and 2012. A retrospective study of 102 reported patients with spider bites at Tripoli Medical Center during the period from 2004 to 2012. A total of 102 patients were reported, mostly in May and June (16 cases in each month). The cases were mostly reported in 2007 and 2009 (17 each). The majority of cases were in age group of 19-29 years (41 cases), and female cases (68 cases, 66.6%) were higher than males (34 cases, 33.3%). The most bitten sites were proximal extremities (71.5%). Overall, most patients suffered from erythema (90%) and swelling (36%), followed by itching (33%), necrosis (29%) and fever (17%). Spider bites are common in Libya, but most bites cause minimal or no clinical effects and do not require medical attention. Diagnosing a spider bite is extremely challenging, but a comprehensive history and careful evaluation of symptoms, with correct verification of spider bites are helpful in diagnosing and treating spider bites.

الملخص العربي الملف الوبائي والنسيجي المرضي ألورام الفم والرأس والرقبة في المعهد الوطني للسرطان: تحليل استعادي لمدة خمس سنوات )2020-2024) المقدمة ًرا في العالم، وتتمتع بمعدالت بقاء منخفضة تُعّد سرطانات الشفة وتجويف الفم من أكثر األورام الخبيثة انتشا على قيد الحياة رغم التقدم العالجي. في ليبيا، ال تزال البيانات الوبائية حول أورام الفم والرأس والرقبة محدودة. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى توصيف الوضع الوبائي والنسيجي المرضي لهذه األورام على مدى خمس سنوات في المعهد الوطني للسرطان في صبراتة، من عام 2020 إلى عام 2024. ا جريت مراجعة بأثر رجعي لجميع حاالت السرطان والساركوما ال ُمثبتة نسيجيًا في تجويف الفم ُ لطريقة: أ والرأس والرقبة، والمسجلة في أرشيفات المعهد الوطني للسرطان. استُخلصت البيانات الديموغرافية للمرضى )اإلصدار 2.0.4 )Rالعمر والجنس(، وموقع الورم، والتشخيص النسيجي المرضي. ُحللت البيانات باستخدام لحساب متوسط العمر، وتوزيع الجنس، والتكرارات الخاصة بالموقع، والنسب السنوية ألورام الفم مقارنةً بإجمالي حاالت السرطان حالة سرطان ُمبل 48 حالة )59.0 )%منها ّ النتائج: من بين 152,8 غ عنها على مدار خمس سنوات، كانت أورا ًما فموية. تراوحت نسب األورام الفموية السنوية بين 34.0 %عام 2020 و83.0 %عام 2023 .تألفت ذكًر 58 )%و20 أنثى )42 ،)%بنسبة ذكور إلى إناث بلغت 1:4.1 .كان متوسط عمر المجموعة من 28 ا ) عا ًما(. كان اللسان أكثر المناطق تأث ًر )5.42 ،)%يليه الفك العلوي المرضى 2.54 عا ًما )النطاق: 12-89 ا )15 )%والبلعوم األنفي )5.12 .)%شكّل سرطان الخاليا الحرشفية )%69) SCC من الحاالت، وسرطان الغدد 19 ،%والساركوما 12 .%ومن بين حاالت سرطان الخاليا الحرشفية، بلغت نسبة الذكور 55 .% االستنتاج: شكلت أورام الفم والرأس والرقبة أقل من 1 %من جميع حاالت السرطان في المعهد الوطني للسرطان خالل الفترة 2020-2024 ،حيث أصابت بشكل رئيسي كبار السن من الذكور، وغالبًا ما شملت سرطان الخاليا الحرشفية اللسان. تؤكد هذه النتائج على ضرورة إجراء فحص ُمستهدف في المواقع التشريحية والفئات الديموغرافية عالية الخطورة. ينبغي أن تُدمج الدراسات المستقبلية عوامل الخطر السلوكية والبيئية لتوجيه استراتيجيات الوقاية والكشف المبكر. الكلمات المفتاحية: أورام الفم - سرطان الرأس والرقبة - سرطان الخاليا الحرشفية - التحليل بأثر رجعي - علم الاوبئة

Abstract Background: Cancers of the lip and oral cavity rank among the world’s most prevalent malignancies and carry poor survival rates despite therapeutic advances. In Libya, epidemiological data on oral and head‐and‐neck tumors remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the five‐year epidemiological and histopathological profile of these tumors at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), Sabratha, from 2020 to 2024. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all histologically confirmed carcinomas and sarcomas of the oral cavity, head, and neck recorded in the NCI archives. Patient demographics (age, sex), tumor site, and histopathologic diagnosis were extracted. Data were analyzed using R (v4.0.2) to calculate mean age, gender distribution, site‐specific frequencies, and annual proportions of oral tumors relative to total cancer cases. Results: Among 8,152 cancer cases reported over five years, 48 (0.59%) were oral tumors. Annual oral tumor proportions ranged from 0.34% in 2020 to 0.83% in 2023. The cohort comprised 28 males (58%) and 20 females (42%), with a male-to-female ratio of 1.4:1. The mean patient age was 54.2 years (range: 12–89). The tongue was the most affected site (42.5%), followed by maxilla (15%) and nasopharynx (12.5%). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) constituted 69% of cases, adenocarcinoma 19%, and sarcoma 12%. Among SCCs, 55% occurred in males. Conclusion: Oral and head‐and‐neck tumors comprised less than 1% of all cancers at NCI during 2020–2024, predominantly affecting older males and most frequently involving the tongue as SCC. These findings underscore the need for targeted screening in high‐risk anatomical sites and demographic groups. Future studies should integrate behavioral and environmental risk factors to inform prevention and early‐detection strategies. Keywords:)Oral Tumors-Head-and-neck cancer-Squamous cell carcinomaRetrospective analysis-Epidemiology(

The collection of comprehensive data is crucial for monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns and implementing targeted interventions. However, there is a lack of data regarding the AMR status of pathogens in Libya, hinders the efforts to address the problem effectively. This retrospective study evaluates the prevalence of Escherichia coli AMR isolates to gentamycin, chloramphenicol, cefoxitin (or) ceftriaxone, meropenem, moxifloxacin (Mox), amoxicillin/clavulanate (AUG) or ampicillin-sulbactam (UNZ) among the visitors to the main pathology laboratories in Gharyan city. Reports from 107 AMR tests demonstrate that E. coli was mostly isolated from Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs, 85%) followed by vaginal infections (8.4%) and wound infections (6.5%). More than half of the isolates were multi-drug resistant which is a clear indicator of the need for continuous monitoring. The overall pattern demonstrates a high resistance rate to cephalosporins, and combinations of penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors (UNZ or AUG), followed by high resistance rates to Mox. In contrast, E. coli isolates showed high sensitivity to meropenem followed by gentamicin and chloramphenicol. However, the isolation site seems to affect the resistance patterns, most of the wound isolates were resistant to gentamycin. In contrast, all vaginal isolates were resistant to UNZ or AUG, yet both types showed high susceptibility to meropenem. 

Abstract

This qualitative research has been explored factors affecting English language learner performance and teacher effectiveness. Specifically, it has been investigated key elements impacting English language teacher effectiveness and learner proficiency, grounded in established theoretical frameworks and prior research. The study has been aimed to understand how to enhance the English language teaching process by addressing challenges originating from teachers. It has been provided a clear definition of an effective teacher and clarified the meaning of "effectiveness" within language instruction. Furthermore, it has been elucidated the characteristics of effective language teachers and presented a comprehensive understanding of professionalism and teacher professional development. It also has been explored teachers' perceptions regarding the qualities of effective English language instructors and outlined concrete steps for impactful professional development initiatives. Furthermore, it has been identified common challenges in teaching English effectively faced by educators and have been proposed practical remedies to overcome these obstacles. Finally, it has been concluded with recommendations for the Ministry of Education, advocating for systemic interventions that influence policy, resource allocation, and national strategy to cultivate a culture of continuous learning and excellence among English language teachers.

Keywords: English Language Learners, Teacher Effectiveness, Learner Proficiency, Professional Development, English Language Teaching, Pedagogical Challenges, Teacher Professionalism, Educational Policy.

Abstract:

This research deals with estimating the likely switch of own car and private vehicles modes

users to public transport modes in the main cities as Tripoli Capital city of Libya due to

reduced travel time of all trips influenced by travel costs through the introducing the public

transport modes such as public buses and increasing cost of car parking. The data on other

factors (variables) that could potentially reason a model switch of from own cars and private

transport to public transport were collected through a survey (questionnaire) with a specified

preference approach. Mode-switch models to describe the switch of behaviour of own car

operators to public transport are developed. A binary logit regression model was used to

assessment the transport displacement model for work and study trips. Mode-switch

likelihood curves have also, been developed to serve as a user-friendly tool to analyse the

likely model-switch for a variety of variables. One way to achieve this objective is by

establishing reserved public transport lanes on main urban Tripoli city roads. The providing of

private road lanes will reduce the level of road traffic congestion and this may effect in a

switch of all or some private transport mode users to public transport modes.

Key words: Own car, Public transport modes, logit model, Travel time, Travel cost, parking

cost and switch probabilities.

Background/Objectives: Clostridioides difficile is a “One Health” pathogen and a cause of antibiotics-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) have been documented in the genomes of clinical C. difficile strains; however, the presence of MGEs in environmental strains remains poorly characterized. Thus, the present study was conducted with the objective of identifying the prevalence of MGEs, including mobilizable transposons (MTns), conjugative transposons (CTns), plasmids, and insertion sequences, in whole genome sequences (WGSs) of environmental C. difficile isolates. Methods: The analysis of MGEs was conducted using 166 WGSs obtained from C. difficile strains isolated from various environmental sources contaminated with feces. The MGEs were identified using bioinformatic tools. Results: A total of 48.2% (80/166) of the studied genomes were identified to harbor nine transposons, including Tn916, Tn6194-like, Tn5397, Tn6215, Tn4001, Tn6073, Tn6110, Tn6107, or Tn5801-like. The majority of MTns and CTns could be found within C. difficile sequence types ST11, ST3, and ST35. The results demonstrated close genetic relatedness among the studied genomes, the array of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, such as tetM, ermB, and aac(6′)-aph(2″), and the presence of CTns. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that 24.7% (41/166) of the genome sequences of isolates were associated with various predominant plasmid groups, including pCD6, pCD-ECE4-6, pCD-WTSI1-4, pCDBI1, and pCd1_3, which belonged to 16 different sequence types. Furthermore, several plasmids were identified as harboring the prophage phiCDHM19. Conclusions: The results of the current study suggest that the identified plasmids are abundant and may encode functions that are relevant to C. difficile physiology. The genomes of C. difficile strains examined contain closely related CTns, suggesting that horizontal transfer of AMR is important in this species or other bacterial species. Further research is required to ascertain the effect of these genetic elements and their transferability on the biology of C. difficile.