Abstract

One of the most challenging  skills for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners is often the ability to speak, especially in environments where opportunities for authentic English exposure are scarce. This study focuses on prevalent linguistic errors found in the spoken English of third semester EFL students at the Faculty of Arts, Gharian University. . The three primary types of errors that are examined are phonological, grammatical, and lexical. The study also explores  the possible reasons behind these errors, such as first-language (L1) interference, limited English exposure, inadequate speaking practice in the classroom, fossilization, and emotional factors. Students often face difficulties with English phonemes that do not exist in Arabic, as well as with the correct grammatical forms, and suitable vocabulary choices, according to the results. The study emphasizes how important it is to implement focused interventions to improve students' spoken accuracy and fluency. It suggests pedagogical recommendations to enhance the accuracy and fluency of students’ spoken English, including increasing the number of opportunities for communicative practice, targeted pronunciation training, and the incorporation of authentic listening resources.

Keywords, English as a Foreign Language, linguistic errors, speaking skill

The transaction of collocation is tought for non-native speakers of a language and creates many problems for students, teachers and translators. The present study aimed to determine, examine and investigate the strategies and techniques adopted by students in translating collocations from English to Arabic. The data examined here, consisted of a translation test that comprised 9 relatively short sentences of a contextual collocations selected from different sources. Students were required to translate these collocations from English to Arabic according to Newmark approach (semantic & communicative approaches). So, the findings and results have shown that, students used or resorted various strategies in order to overcome the problems of rendering certain collocation expressions. In addition, the knowledge of collocation leads to the improvement of oral proficiency, listening comprehension, and reading speed.

Keywords: Collocation, English Majors, Translation, Semantic translation, Communicative translation

Abstract: 

This study presents a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of the construction of political identity 

during periods of revolutionary crisis. It examines the dichotomous representation of Muammar 

Gaddafi in February 2011 through two primary data streams: his first major public address 

following the uprising (February 22, 2011) and the contemporaneous visual and textual 

coverage in three newspapers—The Sun (UK), The Daily News (a prominent US tabloid-style 

outlet), and Alshourouq (Egypt). Employing Fairclough’s (1992) three-dimensional model of 

CDA, Halliday’s (1978) Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), and Kress and van Leeuwen’s 

(2006) grammar of visual design, the analysis reveals a profound disjuncture between Gaddafi’s 

linguistic self-fashioning and his mediated portrayal. Findings indicate that Gaddafi’s speech 

strategically deployed lexical choices, transitivity, and modality to construct identities of a 

rightful leader, paternal protector, and historical embodiment of Libya. Conversely, the selected 

newspapers, despite ideological nuances, converged on a representational framework depicting 

Gaddafi as weak, cowardly, and delegitimized, primarily through specific visual framing, 

camera angles, and captions. This study argues that the conflict between these representations 

is not merely descriptive but deeply ideological, reflecting the struggle for discursive hegemony 

during the Arab Spring, where control over narrative became a key battleground alongside 

military confrontation.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) is essential for guiding appropriate antibiotic therapy. The disk diffusion method is widely used in Libya due to its low cost, yet deviations from standardized protocols can compromise result accuracy, affecting clinical decisions and patient outcomes. This study evaluated the performance of the disk diffusion AST method in medical laboratories in Gharyan, Libya, using EUCAST guidelines (version 12.0) as a benchmark. Seventy-five AST plates representing 122 clinical specimens were randomly collected from three pathology centers between September and November 2025. Plates were analyzed for the type of culture media, number of specimens per plate, number of antibiotic disks, and readability of results. All plates were 90 mm in diameter. Nutrient agar was used for 118 specimens, and blood agar for two; none used Mueller-Hinton agar as recommended. Only 17% of plates tested a single specimen per plate; the majority tested one specimen on half or a quarter of a plate. The number of antibiotic disks per specimen often exceeded EUCAST limits (up to 20 disks per plate), and only 8% of plates yielded readable results. Widespread deviations from EUCAST protocols—including inappropriate media, specimen overloading, and excessive disks—compromise AST reliability. These errors may lead to incorrect antibiotic prescriptions, delayed recovery, and increased antimicrobial resistance. Strict adherence to standardized guidelines is urgently required to ensure accurate, clinically meaningful AST results. Moreover, raising awareness of the importance of following standard guidelines is crucial for correcting the course

Libya is country of desert and the arid climate makes it in extreme lack of surface water .Groundwater then bececomes a very important resource to meet the economical and agricultural demand ,which believed to be comparatively much cleaner and free from poliution than surface water , water poliution is a state of deviation from pure condition .whereby its normal function and properties are affected .The present study is amied at assesses the bacteriologcal pollution of ground water samples used for humans and animals at different 11 localities in Tripoli rigion , Libya .This study related to the bacteriologcal analysis revealed high values of toral bacterial count in groundwater samples from both tanks (648.85 cfu/ml)and wells (394.34cfu/ml) than standard count imit (100cfu/ml)for driking water by EPA. Naarly similar values of MPN of coliform (58.00MPN/100ml) and E.coli bacteria (0.20) from both tanks and wells, other than zero number per 100 ml set by WHO .Finally , we did not find pathogenic bacteria as Salmonella and Enterococci bacteria , but there is very littel number of pathognic bacteria as Staphylocooccus aurous (1.50) and Pseudomonas aerugnosa (0.07) isoaled from both tanks and wells samples . Hence ,it was concluded that . This research to analysis the bacteriologcal pollution of grandwater used for hnmans and animals for some different localities of Tripoli , Libya with review to the hygienic standards and suggest an approach for imporing and prevent such contamination . Microbiological lested ground waters samples are good and mostly suitable for domestic uses. the coliform and pathogenic bacterial contamination render this water unsatisfactory for driking purposes unless bacteriologically perfactly treated ,if necessary for consideration for utility.